{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:53:43Z","timestamp":1781643223681,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mosquitoes (Diperta: Culidae) act as vectors for several diseases, including malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever. Mosquito repellents represent one of the primary measures used to reduce the risk of these diseases in humans by reducing mosquito landing and biting events. Nepetalactone, a natural insect repellent primarily found in the essential oil of catnip (Lamiaceae;\n                    <jats:italic>Nepeta cataria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), has established mosquito repellence properties, but has not been widely exploited as a mosquito repellent in malaria-endemic regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we evaluated the potential of a locally produced lotion containing catnip essential oil (comprising\u2009&gt;\u200992% nepetalactone) for use as a mosquito repellent in Eastern Uganda. Using the human landing catch method in field trials, we analysed the effectiveness of a lotion containing 2% or 6% catnip oil at repelling mosquitoes compared to a lotion lacking catnip essential oil as a negative control and to a commercial repellent containing 15% DEET as a positive control. We found that lotions containing both concentrations of catnip essential oil were highly effective at preventing mosquito landing, with 6% catnip oil performing as well as 15% DEET. Our findings suggest that nepetalactone could be used as a natural, locally sourced and effective alternative to synthetic commercial mosquito repellents, thereby representing a viable import substitution option for protection against mosquito-borne diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42618-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T09:52:15Z","timestamp":1773481935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating repellence properties of a catnip essential oil-based mosquito repellent using the human landing catch method in Eastern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Batume","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Ssegujja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Kongai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Ayebare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Ludlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenz K.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Mutaka","family":"Logose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ssebaale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Randerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan M.","family":"Mukisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Pickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Scofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"42618_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Vector Borne Diseases. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/vector-borne-diseases. 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"42618_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.285","volume":"65","author":"R McGready","year":"2001","unstructured":"McGready R, Hamilton KA, Simpson JA, Cho T, Luxemburger C, Edwards R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Lindsay SW. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001;65(4):285\u2013289.","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"42618_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen-Hussey V, Behrens R, Logan JG (2014). Assessment of methods used to determine the safety of the topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). Parasite Vectors. 2014; 3:173.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-173"},{"key":"42618_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.02.033","volume":"825","author":"S Legeay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Legeay, S., Clere, N., Apaire-Marchais, V., Faure, S. & Lapied, B. Unusual modes of action of the repellent DEET in insects highlight some human side effects. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 825, 92\u201398 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"42618_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03217-5","volume":"19","author":"M Shelomi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shelomi, M. Who\u2019s afraid of DEET? Fearmongering in papers on botanical repellents. Malar. J. 19(1), 146 (2020).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"42618_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1995.1043","volume":"25","author":"S Selim","year":"1995","unstructured":"Selim S, Hartnagel RE Jr, Osimitz TG, Gabriel KL, Schoenig GP. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide following dermal application to human volunteers. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995;25(1):95\u2013100.","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"42618_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu A, Pearson ML, Shekoski DL, et al. 1979. High resolution gas chromatography\/ mass spectrometric characterization of urinary metabolites of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in man. J High Resolut Chromatogr Commun. 1979; 2(9):558\u2013562.","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrc.1240020904"},{"issue":"7","key":"42618_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.765","volume":"32","author":"DJ Fediuk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fediuk, D. J. et al. Tissue disposition of the insect repellent DEET and the sunscreen oxybenzone following intravenous and topical administration in rats. Biopharm. Drug. Dispos. 32(7), 369\u201379 (2011).","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug. Dispos."},{"issue":"1","key":"42618_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/10837459709022607","volume":"2","author":"H Qiu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Qiu, H., Jun, H. W., Dzimianski, M. & McCall, J. Reduced transdermal absorption of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide from a new topical insect repellent formulation. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2(1), 33\u201342 (1997).","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"42618_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1021\/js960283m","volume":"86","author":"H Qiu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Qiu, H., Jun, H. W. & Tao, J. Pharmacokinetics of insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in beagle dogs following intravenous and topical routes of administration. J. Pharm. 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Rep. 9(1), 1524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-36814-1 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"42618_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52715-y","volume":"14","author":"C Batume","year":"2024","unstructured":"Batume, C. et al. Evaluating repellence properties of catnip essential oil against the mosquito species Aedes aegypti using a Y-tube olfactometer. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 2269 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"42618_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2008)45[1080:ROHCOF]2.0.CO;2","volume":"45","author":"NC Spero","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spero, N. C., Gonzalez, Y. I., Scialdone, M. A. & Hallahan, D. L. Repellency of hydrogenated catmint oil formulations to black flies and mosquitoes in the field. J. Med. Entomol. 45(6), 1080\u20131086 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Med. 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E., Reichert, W. & Wu, Q. Repellency of Novel Catnip Oils Against the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 58 (2), 528\u2013534 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"42618_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124305","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1124305","volume":"14","author":"H. K. Patel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel, H. K. et al. Volatile metabolites from new cultivars of catnip and oregano as potential antibacterial and insect repellent agents. Front. Plant. Sci. 14, 1124305 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Plant. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"42618_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-012-9532-2","volume":"57","author":"M. A. Khan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khan, M. A. et al. Interference in foraging behaviour of European and American house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari:Pyroglyphidae) by catmint, Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 57 (1), 65\u201374 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol"},{"issue":"2","key":"42618_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2011.00972.x","volume":"26","author":"J. J. Zhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhu, J. J. et al. Nepetalactones from essential oil of Nepeta cataria represent a stable fly feeding and oviposition repellent. Med. Vet. Entomol. 26 (2), 131\u2013138 (2012).","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"42618_CR26","unstructured":"United States Environment Protection Agency online. Science review and human health risk assessment in support of the registration of the insect repellent refined oil of Nepeta cataria (TGAI), and two lotion end-use products. https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/pesticides\/chem_search\/cleared_reviews\/csr_PC-004801_4-Oct-07_a.pdf. 2007."},{"issue":"12","key":"42618_CR27","first-page":"1277","volume":"2","author":"U Suschke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suschke, U., Sporer, F., Schneele, J., Geiss, H. K. & Reichling, J. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Nepeta cataria L., N. cataria Var. Citriodora (Beck.) Balb. and Melissa officinalis L. essential oils. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2(12), 1277\u20131286 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"42618_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300035458","volume":"24","author":"JA Kerr","year":"1933","unstructured":"Kerr, J. A. Studies on the abundance, distribution and feeding habits of some West African mosquitos. Bull. Entomol. 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