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Assessing dimensional maladaptive traits may help clarify these associations. A community sample of adults in Cyprus (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009280;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200928.0, SD\u2009=\u20099.5; range 18 to 64) completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form Adult (PID-5-BF) and a Tattoo Coverage Tool estimating the percentage of body surface area tattooed (tBSA). Analyses included t-tests, correlations, and hierarchical regressions controlling for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. More than half (58.6%) of the participants reported having at least one tattoo. Compared with non-tattooed participants, tattooed participants scored higher on Disinhibition (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.47,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .01) and on the PID-5-BF total (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.29,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .02). tBSA correlated with Antagonism (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .26,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .01), Disinhibition (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .21,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .01), and the PID-5-BF total (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .16,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .01). Tattoo count showed weaker associations (Disinhibition\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .14,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05; Psychoticism\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .12,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05). In regressions, Antagonism alone explained 6.8% of the variance in tBSA (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001) and Disinhibition alone explained 4.6% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001). In the joint model, Antagonism and Disinhibition explained 7.7% of the variance in tBSA (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001), with Antagonism emerging as a significant predictor (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .01). Men reported higher tBSA and higher Antagonism, Detachment, Disinhibition, Psychoticism, and PID-5-BF total scores; women scored higher on Negative Affectivity. Tattoo presence was associated with higher Disinhibition and a higher overall maladaptive trait load, while Antagonism best tracked tBSA. tBSA was more sensitive than counts for detecting trait associations. Findings support AMPD-aligned assessment and the use of tBSA in community research on tattooing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42987-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T05:44:03Z","timestamp":1772948643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between tattooed body surface area and maladaptive personality traits in a community sample"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marios N.","family":"Adonis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J. 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