{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:24:38Z","timestamp":1777983878908,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023YFVA1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFVA1002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43075-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:23:14Z","timestamp":1772990594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of rapid versus non-rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in China using modelling and 96-week multicenter cohort data"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kejia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dachuang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"43075_CR1","first-page":"203","volume":"13","author":"Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Hepatitis C Group, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Hepatitis C Group, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. China HIV\/AIDS diagnosis and treatment guidelines (2021 edition). Xiehe Med. J. 13(02), 203\u2013226 (2022).","journal-title":"Xiehe Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"43075_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0201-4","volume":"11","author":"SP Suguimoto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suguimoto, S. P. et al. Changing patterns of HIV epidemic in 30 years in East Asia. Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep. 11 (2), 134\u2013145 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"43075_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. (2015). https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/186275\/9789241509565_eng.pdf.?sequence=1"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"43075_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12708","volume":"20","author":"MA Boyd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boyd, M. A. et al. Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy at HIV diagnosis: definition, process, knowledge gaps. HIV Med. 20 (Suppl 1), 3\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"43075_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12900","volume":"21","author":"N Girometti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Girometti, N. et al. Rapid ART start in early HIV infection: Time to viral load suppression and retention in care in a London cohort. HIV Med. 21 (9), 613\u2013615 (2020).","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"43075_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-020-00319-7","volume":"17","author":"CES Gomillia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gomillia, C. E. S. et al. Rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation at a community-based clinic in Jackson, MS. AIDS Res. Ther. 17(1), 60 (2020).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"43075_CR7","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. (2024). Available from: https:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/guidelines"},{"key":"43075_CR8","unstructured":"European AIDS Clinical Society. EACS Guidelines version 12.1. https:\/\/eacs.sanfordguide.com\/ (2024)."},{"issue":"6","key":"43075_CR9","first-page":"1261","volume":"15","author":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Professional Group Of Society Of Infectious Diseases, C.M.A. and C.F.D.C. Chinese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Professional Group Of Society Of Infectious Diseases, C.M.A. and C.F.D.C. Chinese. Chinese guideline for diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (2024 edition). Med. J. Peking Union Med. Coll. Hosp. 15(6), 1261\u20131288 (2024).","journal-title":"Med. J. Peking Union Med. Coll. Hosp."},{"key":"43075_CR10","unstructured":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Free AIDS Antiretroviral Treatment Manual (2023)."},{"issue":"6","key":"43075_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e389","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30099-0","volume":"7","author":"C Orkin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orkin, C. et al. Fixed-dose combination bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir-containing regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: Week 144 results from two randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet HIV 7(6), e389\u2013e400 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"43075_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae012","volume":"79","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, R. et al. Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy with coformulated bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide versus efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV\u2013Positive men who have sex with men in China: Week 48 results of the multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 79(1), 169\u2013176 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"43075_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix878","volume":"66","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Immediate antiretroviral therapy decreases mortality among patients with high CD4 counts in China: A nationwide, retrospective cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 66(5), 727\u2013734 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"43075_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","volume":"365","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen, M. S. et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl. J. Med. 365 (6), 493\u2013505 (2011).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"43075_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506816","volume":"373","author":"JD Lundgren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lundgren, J. D. et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl. J. Med. 373(9), 795\u2013807 (2015).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"43075_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k182","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k182","volume":"360","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n, M. A. How to estimate the effect of treatment duration on survival outcomes using observational data. BMJ 360, k182 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"43075_CR17","unstructured":"Wu, J. Constructing a Dynamic Model to Evaluate the Effectiveness of HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Control in China (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). (in Chinese)."},{"issue":"6","key":"43075_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ981","volume":"62","author":"MP Girouard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Girouard, M. P. et al. The cost-effectiveness and budget impact of 2-drug dolutegravir-lamivudine regimens for the treatment of HIV infection in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 62(6), 784\u2013791 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"43075_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2015.1046878","volume":"18","author":"S Peng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peng, S. et al. Cost-effectiveness of DTG\u2009+\u2009ABC\/3TC versus EFV\/TDF\/FTC for first-line treatment of HIV-1 in the United States. J. Med. Econ. 18 (10), 763\u2013776 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Med. Econ."},{"issue":"5","key":"43075_CR20","first-page":"601","volume":"41","author":"S Moreno Guillen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moreno Guillen, S. et al. Cost-utility analysis of the fixed-dose combination of dolutegravir\/abacavir\/lamivudine as initial treatment of HIV+ patients in Spain. Farm. Hosp. 41 (5), 601\u2013610 (2017).","journal-title":"Farm. Hosp."},{"issue":"9903","key":"43075_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61998-4","volume":"382","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen, M. S. et al. Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 prevents transmission of HIV-1: Where do we go from here?. Lancet 382(9903), 1515\u201324 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"43075_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e243","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00536-3","volume":"12","author":"R Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, R. et al. Optimising HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and testing strategies in men who have sex with men in Australia, Thailand, and China: a modelling study and cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 12 (2), e243\u2013e256 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"43075_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5148","volume":"316","author":"AJ Rodger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodger, A. J. et al. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA 316(2), 171\u2013181 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10189","key":"43075_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30418-0","volume":"393","author":"AJ Rodger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodger, A. J. et al. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet 393 (10189), 2428\u20132438 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"43075_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00449-z","volume":"10","author":"I Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, I., Sun, H. & Hung, C. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of coformulated bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide among people living with HIV. Infect. Dis. Ther. 10(3), 1331\u20131346 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"43075_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae138","volume":"79","author":"I Chivite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chivite, I. et al. Effectiveness, safety and discontinuation rates of bictegravir\/emtricitabine\/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC\/FTC\/TAF) in people with HIV using real-world data: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 79 (8), 1775\u20131783 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"43075_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1780","volume":"16","author":"C Orrell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orrell, C. et al. Efavirenz and rifampicin in the South African context: Is there a need to dose-increase efavirenz with concurrent rifampicin therapy?. Antivir. Ther. 16(4), 527\u201334 (2011).","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"43075_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30003-1","volume":"5","author":"J Molina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molina, J. et al. Which HIV-infected adults with high CD4 T-cell counts benefit most from immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy? A post-hoc subgroup analysis of the START trial. Lancet HIV. 5(4), e172\u2013e180 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"issue":"8","key":"43075_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e578","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(25)00068-2","volume":"12","author":"AN Phillips","year":"2025","unstructured":"Phillips, A. N. et al. Evaluation of antiretroviral regimen switching options in adults with HIV with sustained viral load non-suppression on dolutegravir, lamivudine, and tenofovir in eastern, central, southern, and western Africa: A modelling study. Lancet HIV. 12(8), e578\u2013e586 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"key":"43075_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S135972","volume":"13","author":"U Restelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Restelli, U. et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of dolutegravir plus backbone compared with raltegravir plus backbone, darunavir+ritonavir plus backbone and efavirenz\/tenofovir\/emtricitabine in treatment na\u00efve and experienced HIV-positive patients. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 13, 787\u2013797 (2017).","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"issue":"5","key":"43075_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217559","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217559","volume":"14","author":"E Krebs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krebs, E. et al. Developing a dynamic HIV transmission model for 6 U.S. cities: An evidence synthesis. PLoS One. 14(5), e0217559 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"43075_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70023","volume":"28","author":"JEK Byrnes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Byrnes, J. E. K. & Dee, L. E. Causal inference with observational data and unobserved confounding variables. Ecol. Lett. 28(1), e70023 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"43075_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097353","volume":"9","author":"WM Bezabhe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bezabhe, W. M. et al. Barriers and facilitators of adherence to antiretroviral drug therapy and retention in care among adult HIV-positive patients: A qualitative study from Ethiopia. PLoS One. 9(5), e97353 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"43075_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.27.672638","author":"L Gieselmann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gieselmann, L. et al. Profiling a large HIV-1 elite neutralizer cohort reveals remarkable CD4bs bNAb for HIV-1 prevention and therapy. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.08.27.672638 (2025).","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"43075_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30482-6","volume":"18","author":"N Ford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ford, N. et al. The WHO public health approach to HIV treatment and care: looking back and looking ahead. Lancet Infect. Dis. 18 (3), e76\u2013e86 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"43075_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir507","volume":"204","author":"MM Lederman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lederman, M. M. et al. Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells. J. Infect. Dis. 204 (8), 1217\u20131226 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43075-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43075-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43075-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:00:14Z","timestamp":1776380414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43075-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-43075-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8529813\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008 were followed in all procedures. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University-affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital (Batch number: LL-2020-127-K). Participants also signed informed consent forms before data collection began.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"12620"}}