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Previous research suggests that IBS varies according to different factors, including interpersonal bond type, individual characteristics, emotional valence and\n                    <jats:italic>physical<\/jats:italic>\n                    presence\/absence. This study investigated how IBS in mother-child dyads varies during\n                    <jats:italic>imagined<\/jats:italic>\n                    emotional situations, focusing on valence and imagined presence\/absence of the mother. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning to measure IBS over the right prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction in 38 mother-child dyads (child age: 10\u201314 years). Results showed that IBS differed across valence only when participants imagined the mother being present, with higher IBS in negative situations than in positive ones. Furthermore, in scenarios imagined with the mother present, IBS was associated with the mother\u2019s personal distress \u2014negative correlation in positive scenarios, and positive correlation in negative scenarios\u2014and with children\u2019s secure base support scores\u2014negative association in the frontopolar cortex. These findings suggest that mothers and children perceive being together differently, depending on emotional valence, social context and individual differences. Overall, our results suggest that IBS reflects dyadic emotional processing and highlight associations with individual traits in dyadic neural synchrony.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43086-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:34:10Z","timestamp":1773686050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modulation of interbrain synchrony by emotional valence and maternal presence in mother\u2013child dyads: neural links to empathy and attachment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Direito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Vrti\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"43086_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.11.007","volume":"21","author":"R Feldman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feldman, R. 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