{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:02:30Z","timestamp":1793944950348,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mizan Aman Health Science College, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia","award":["Grant No: MAHSC\/614\/16, date 26\/09\/2016 E.C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No: MAHSC\/614\/16, date 26\/09\/2016 E.C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43126-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:16:51Z","timestamp":1773454611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tracing the water\u2013beef safety nexus: assessing water quality\u2019s role in beef contamination from slaughterhouse to plate, in Southwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Girma Mamo","family":"Zegene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seid Tiku","family":"Mereta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seblework","family":"Mekonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"43126_CR1","unstructured":"WHO and UNCF, Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000\u20132020: five years into the SDGs. World Health Organization, (2021)."},{"key":"43126_CR2","volume-title":"Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: five years into the SDGs","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: five years into the SDGs (World Health Organization, 2021)."},{"key":"43126_CR3","unstructured":"W. H. O. (WHO), Annual Report 2021: WHO Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment and Health in the Western Pacific Region, in Annual report 2021: WHO Asia-Pacific Centre for Environment and Health in the Western Pacific Region, (2022)."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2019.107","volume":"10","author":"A Geremew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Geremew, A. & Damtew, Y. T. Household water treatment using adequate methods in sub-Saharan countries: Evidence from 2013\u20132016 demographic and health surveys. J Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 10(1), 66\u201375 (2020).","journal-title":"J Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev."},{"key":"43126_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.828335","volume":"10","author":"A Keleb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keleb, A., Ademas, A., Sisay, T., Lingerew, M. & Adane, M. Bacteriological quality of bottled drinking water and municipal tap water in northeastern Ethiopia. Front. Environ. Sci. 10, 828335 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.21608\/bvmj.2017.31120","volume":"32","author":"A El-Roos","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Roos, A. & Nahla, A. E. coli strains producing Shiga toxin in cattle carcasses at abattoir level. Benha Vet. Med. J. 32(1), 89\u201393 (2017).","journal-title":"Benha Vet. Med. J."},{"key":"43126_CR7","volume-title":"Public health microbiology: methods and protocols","author":"JF Spencer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spencer, J. F. & de Spencer, A. L. R. Public health microbiology: methods and protocols (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008)."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR8","volume":"1","author":"T Bekele","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bekele, T. & Leta, S. Water supply and health: Drinking water and sanitation coverage in Ethiopia 1990-2015 review. Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotechnol. 1(1), 238496 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"43126_CR9","unstructured":"W. H. O. a. U. N. C. s. Fund, Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000\u20132020: five years into the SDGs. World Health Organization, (2021)."},{"key":"43126_CR10","unstructured":"A. H. Havelaar, \"The first FAO\/WHO\/AU international food safety conference addis Ababa. (2019)."},{"key":"43126_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4674235","volume":"2020","author":"E Abebe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abebe, E., Gugsa, G. & Ahmed, M. Review on major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens. J. Trop. Med. 2020, 2020 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"43126_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.5897\/AJFS2013.1064","volume":"7","author":"H Ayalew","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ayalew, H., Birhanu, A. & Asrade, B. Review on food safety system: Ethiopian perspective. Afr. J. Food Sci. 7(12), 431\u2013440 (2013).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Food Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"43126_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2015.1063023","volume":"35","author":"K Dhama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dhama, K. et al. Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: A comprehensive review. Vet. Q. 35(4), 211\u2013235 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"43126_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103642","volume":"94","author":"H Craven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Craven, H. et al. Applicability of Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms tests as indicators for Cronobacter in milk powder factory environments. Food Microbiol. 94, 103642 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"43126_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111536","volume":"11","author":"K Hyla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hyla, K., Dusza, I. & Skaradzi\u0144ska, A. Recent advances in the application of bacteriophages against common foodborne pathogens. Antibiotics 11(11), 1536 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"43126_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.10.003","volume":"70","author":"W Biasino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biasino, W. et al. Correlation between slaughter practices and the distribution of Salmonella and hygiene indicator bacteria on pig carcasses during slaughter. Food Microbiol. 70, 192\u2013199 (2018).","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"43126_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01906.x","volume":"94","author":"I Richardson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richardson, I. & Stevens, A. Microbiological examination of ready\u2010to\u2010eat stuffing from retail premises in the north\u2010east of England. The \u2018get stuffed\u2019survey. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94(4), 733\u2013737 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"43126_CR18","unstructured":"Kiiyukia, C. Laboratory manual of food microbiology for Ethiopian health and nutrition research institute. UNIDO project (YA\/ETH\/03\/436\/11\u201352). 1\u2013197 (2003)."},{"key":"43126_CR19","volume-title":"Food Microbiology: Application of Microorganisms in Food Industry","author":"M Gholami-Shabani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gholami-Shabani, M., Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M. & Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. Food Microbiology: Application of Microorganisms in Food Industry (2023)."},{"issue":"4","key":"43126_CR20","first-page":"104","volume":"38","author":"F Edition","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edition, F. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chron. 38(4), 104\u2013108 (2011).","journal-title":"WHO Chron."},{"key":"43126_CR21","unstructured":"Guentzel, M. N. Escherichia, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia, citrobacter, and proteus, Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. (1996)."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR22","volume":"2019","author":"A Bersisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bersisa, A., Tulu, D. & Negera, C. Investigation of bacteriological quality of meat from abattoir and butcher shops in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia. Int. J. Microbiol. 2019(1), 6416803 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"43126_CR23","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World health organization, (2004)."},{"issue":"4","key":"43126_CR24","first-page":"104","volume":"38","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chron. 38(4), 104\u2013108 (2011).","journal-title":"WHO Chron."},{"key":"43126_CR25","volume-title":"Webster\u2019s ninth new collegiate dictionary","author":"I Merriam-Webster","year":"1990","unstructured":"Merriam-Webster, I. Webster\u2019s ninth new collegiate dictionary (Merriam-Webster, 1990)."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR26","volume":"2023","author":"Z Tadesse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tadesse, Z., Dananto, M., Kassa, H. & Ingale, L. Spatial\u2010temporal dynamics in potable water quality: A case study of Mizan\u2010Aman Town, Southwest, Ethiopia. J. Chem. 2023(1), 5827746 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"43126_CR27","unstructured":"Abid, I. N. & Farhood, A. T. Seasonal variation of some contamination indicators in Euphrates river water in Al-Nasiriyah city. Al-Kufa Univ. J. Biol. 9(2), (2017)."},{"key":"43126_CR28","unstructured":"Nakashima, A. A. et al. Microbiological risk assessment-Guidance for food, FAO, 9240024905 (2021)."},{"key":"43126_CR29","unstructured":"Adugna, G. G. Bibliography with some annotations on Ethiopian culinary traditions: Recipe & Cookbooks. (1999)."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"43126_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.029","volume":"150","author":"M Bello","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bello, M., Lawan, M., Kwaga, J. & Raji, M. Assessment of carcass contamination with E. coli O157 before and after washing with water at abattoirs in Nigeria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 150(2\u20133), 184\u2013186 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-023-00102-2","volume":"10","author":"T Kanko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kanko, T., Seid, M. & Alemu, M. Evaluation of bacteriological profile of meat contact surfaces, handling practices of raw meat and its associated factors in butcher shops of Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia - A facility based cross sectional study. Food Saf. Risk. 10(1), 1 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Saf. Risk."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20067-x","volume":"24","author":"EA Adugna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adugna, E. A. et al. Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of indicators of pathogenic bacteria in households drinking water in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 24(1), 2511 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"43126_CR33","first-page":"9","volume":"1","author":"L Naing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naing, L., Winn, T. & Rusli, B. Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Arch. Orofac. Sci. 1, 9\u201314 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Orofac. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR34","volume":"2020","author":"M Gizachew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gizachew, M., Admasie, A., Wegi, C. & Assefa, E. Bacteriological contamination of drinking water supply from protected water sources to point of use and water handling practices among beneficiary households of Boloso Sore Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Int. J. Microbiol. 2020(1), 5340202 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"43126_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315159126","volume-title":"The Drinking Water Handbook","author":"FR Spellman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spellman, F. R. The Drinking Water Handbook (CRC Press, 2017)."},{"key":"43126_CR36","unstructured":"Olszowy, H. Sampling procedures for drinking waters. Queensland Government Health. 1(18329), (1998)."},{"key":"43126_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012470100-7\/50009-1","volume-title":"Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology","author":"H Kator","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kator, H. & Rhodes, M. Detection, enumeration and identification of environmental microorganisms of public health significance. In Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology 113\u2013144 (2003)."},{"key":"43126_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.06.016","volume":"210","author":"L Mart\u00ednez-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Ch\u00e1vez, L. et al. Quantitative distribution of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli on beef carcasses and raw beef at retail establishments. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 210, 149\u2013155 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2018.1545738","volume":"4","author":"HH Kassegn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kassegn, H. H., Atsbha, T. W. & Weldeabezgi, L. T. Effect of germination process on nutrients and phytochemicals contents of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for weaning food preparation. Cogent Food Agric. 4(1), 1545738 (2018).","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"43126_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Kebede, J. Kemal, H. Alemayehu, and S. Habte Mariam, Isolation, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Salmonella from slaughtered bovines and ovines in Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study, International journal of bacteriology, vol. 2016, 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3714785"},{"issue":"8","key":"43126_CR41","first-page":"75","volume":"3","author":"N Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas, N., Kiros, A., Pal, M. & Aylate, A. Bacteriological quality of raw beef collected from municipality slaughterhouse and local markets in and around Wolaita Soddo town, southern Ethiopia. Int. J. Vet. Health Sci. Res. 3(8), 75\u201381 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Health Sci. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR42","volume":"2021","author":"ND Tadese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tadese, N. D. et al. Occurrence and antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw beef and hygienic practices in abattoir and retailer shops in Ambo Town, Ethiopia. Vet. Med. Int. 2021(1), 8846592 (2021).","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2018.1557313","volume":"4","author":"TW Atsbha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atsbha, T. W., Weldeabezgi, L. T., Seyoum, K. A., Tafere, G. & Hailu Kassegn, H. Salmonella and risk factors for the contamination of cattle carcass from abattoir of Mekelle City, Ethiopia. Cogent Food Agric. 4(1), 1557313 (2018).","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"43126_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107589","volume":"121","author":"GEN Gravning","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gravning, G. E. N. et al. Comparison of four sampling methods for microbiological quantification on broiler carcasses. Food Control 121, 107589 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"43126_CR45","unstructured":"Ingram, M. and Roberts, T. The microbiology of the red meat carcass and the slaughterhouse, (1976)."},{"issue":"5","key":"43126_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.04112.x","volume":"106","author":"M Lenahan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lenahan, M. et al. The potential use of chilling to control the growth of Enterobacteriaceae on porcine carcasses and the incidence of E. coli O157: H7 in pigs. J. Appl. Microbiol. 106(5), 1512\u20131520 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"43126_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105341","volume":"204","author":"M Arezo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arezo, M. et al. Identification of potential\u2019hot spots\u2019 of cystic echinococcosis transmission in the province of R\u00edo Negro, Argentina. Acta Trop. 204, 105341 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"43126_CR48","volume-title":"Modern food microbiology","author":"JM Jay","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jay, J. M., Loessner, M. J. & Golden, D. A. Modern food microbiology (Springer, 2005)."},{"key":"43126_CR49","unstructured":"WHO, Microbiological Risk Assessment\u2013Guidance for food. Food & Agriculture Org. (2021)."},{"key":"43126_CR50","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Food Microbiology Protocols","author":"AG Herrera","year":"2001","unstructured":"Herrera, A. G. Mesophilic aerobic microorganisms. In Food Microbiology Protocols 25\u201326 (2001)."},{"key":"43126_CR51","volume-title":"Analytical food microbiology: A laboratory manual","author":"AE Yousef","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yousef, A. E., Waite-Cusic, J. G. & Perry, J. J. Analytical food microbiology: A laboratory manual (John Wiley & Sons, 2022)."},{"key":"43126_CR52","volume-title":"Handbook of drinking water quality","author":"J DeZuane","year":"1997","unstructured":"DeZuane, J. Handbook of drinking water quality (John Wiley & Sons, 1997)."},{"issue":"9","key":"43126_CR53","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"P Feng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Feng, P. et al. BAM: Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the coliform bacteria. Bacteriol. Anal. Man. 13(9), 1\u201313 (2002).","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Anal. Man."},{"issue":"9","key":"43126_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-19-581","volume":"83","author":"LE Tijerina-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tijerina-Rodr\u00edguez, L. E. et al. In-house validation of a rinse\u2013membrane filtration method for processing fresh produce samples for downstream cultural detection of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria. J. Food Prot. 83(9), 1592\u20131597 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"43126_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanyinza, S. et al. Bacteriological Quality of Beef and Hygiene Practices of Food Handlers in Butcheries in Kasama District, Zambia, medRxiv. (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.06.20124214"},{"key":"43126_CR56","volume-title":"Food microbiology: A laboratory manual","author":"AE Yousef","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yousef, A. E. & Carlstrom, C. Food microbiology: A laboratory manual (John Wiley & Sons, 2003)."},{"key":"43126_CR57","volume-title":"BAM: Rapid Methods for Detecting Foodborne Pathogens","author":"BA Manual","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manual, B. A. BAM: Rapid Methods for Detecting Foodborne Pathogens (Food and Drug Administration US, 2001)."},{"issue":"5","key":"43126_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20150896","volume":"1","author":"H Ahouandjnou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahouandjnou, H. et al. Evaluation of the microbiological quality of cattle carcasses in some slaughterhouses at Benin, West Africa. Int. J. Sci. Rep. 1(5), 228\u2013234 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"43126_CR59","first-page":"745","volume":"23","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmad, M. et al. Assessment of microbial load of raw meat at abattoirs and retail outlets. J. Anim. plant sci 23(3), 745\u2013748 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Anim. plant sci"},{"key":"43126_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00019","volume":"7","author":"P Mpundu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mpundu, P., Mbewe, A. R., Muma, J. B., Zgambo, J. & Munyeme, M. Evaluation of bacterial contamination in dressed chickens in Lusaka abattoirs. Front. Public Health 7, 19 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"43126_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01898.x","volume":"94","author":"J McEvoy","year":"2003","unstructured":"McEvoy, J., Doherty, A., Sheridan, J., Blair, I. & McDowell, D. The prevalence of *Salmonella* spp. in bovine faecal, rumen and carcass samples at a commercial abattoir. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94(4), 693\u2013700 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"43126_CR62","volume-title":"Modern food microbiology","author":"R Foschino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Foschino, R., Jay, J. M., Loessner, M. J. & Golden, D. A. Modern food microbiology (Springer, 2006)."},{"issue":"4","key":"43126_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres13040061","volume":"13","author":"S Regmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Regmi, S. et al. Screening for Escherichia coli in chopping board meat samples and survey for sanitary and hygienic practices in retail meat shops of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal. Microbiol. Res. 13(4), 872\u2013881 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"43126_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2022.102575","volume":"76","author":"LI Fuldauer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fuldauer, L. I., Adshead, D., Thacker, S., Gall, S. & Hall, J. W. Evaluating the benefits of national adaptation to reduce climate risks and contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals. Glob. Environ. Change 76, 102575 (2022).","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"43126_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.022","volume":"288","author":"KA Mooijman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mooijman, K. A., Pielaat, A. & Kuijpers, A. F. Validation of EN ISO 6579-1-microbiology of the food chain-horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of *Salmonella*-Part 1 detection of *Salmonella* spp. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 288, 3\u201312 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02099-12","volume":"51","author":"RC Mainar-Jaime","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mainar-Jaime, R. C. et al. Sensitivity of the ISO 6579: 2002\/Amd 1: 2007 standard method for detection of *Salmonella* spp. on mesenteric lymph nodes from slaughter pigs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51(1), 89\u201394 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"43126_CR67","first-page":"32","volume":"13","author":"G Rapeanu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rapeanu, G., Parfene, H. V. G., Polcovnicu, C. & Ionescu, B. G. L. Confirmation and identification of Listeria species from fresh lettuce. Roum. Biotechnol. Lett. 13(6), 32\u201336 (2008).","journal-title":"Roum. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"43126_CR68","volume-title":"Future water priorities for the nation: Directions for the US geological survey water mission area","author":"NAO Sciences","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sciences, N. A. O. et al. Future water priorities for the nation: Directions for the US geological survey water mission area (National Academies Press, 2018)."},{"key":"43126_CR69","first-page":"488","volume":"69","author":"EB Bingol","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bingol, E. B. et al. Prevalence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157 in meat and meat products consumed in Istanbul. Med. Weter. 69, 488\u2013491 (2013).","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3722-x","volume":"11","author":"K Bantawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bantawa, K., Rai, K., Limbu, D. S. & Khanal, H. Food-borne bacterial pathogens in marketed raw meat of Dharan, eastern Nepal. BMC Res. Notes 11(1), 618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-018-3722-x (2018) ((in eng)).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"43126_CR71","volume-title":"Assessment of Beef Handling Practices and its Salmonella Contamination along the Beef Supply line in Maya City","author":"MH Hunde","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hunde, M. H., Belina, D. & Kemal, M. J. Assessment of Beef Handling Practices and its Salmonella Contamination along the Beef Supply line in Maya City (Ethiopia, Haramaya University, Haramaya, 2024)."},{"issue":"1","key":"43126_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.11591\/ijphs.v11i1.21124","volume":"11","author":"O Babatunde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babatunde, O., Mercy, F. & Adebola, O. Water quality and antimicrobial resistant profile of Escherichia coli isolated from dug wells used for domestic purposes. Int. J. Public Health Sci. (IJPHS) 11(1), 129\u2013137 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health Sci. (IJPHS)"},{"key":"43126_CR73","unstructured":"Desissa Gutema, F. Studying Salmonella and E. coli O157 along beef supply chain in Bishoftu, Ethiopia: Linkage with diarrheal illness in people?. Ghent University, (2021)."},{"issue":"S1","key":"43126_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2000.tb05338.x","volume":"88","author":"S Edberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Edberg, S., Rice, E., Karlin, R. & Allen, M. Escherichia coli: The best biological drinking water indicator for public health protection. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88(S1), 106S-116S (2000).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"43126_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3923-y","volume":"17","author":"EAJ Cook","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cook, E. A. J. et al. Working conditions and public health risks in slaughterhouses in western Kenya. BMC Public Health 17, 1\u201312 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"43126_CR76","unstructured":"WHO, Annual report WHO\/UNICEF joint monitoring programme for water supply, sanitation and hygiene. In 2017 annual report WHO\/UNICEF joint monitoring programme for water supply, sanitation and hygiene, pp. 20\u201320. (2017)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43126-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43126-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43126-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T01:02:26Z","timestamp":1777251746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43126-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-43126-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Institute of Health of Jimma University with a letter of Ref. Number JUIH\/IRB\/047\/24, dated 14\/02\/2024. After ethical clearance approval from JU IRB, consent was obtained from the Bench Sheko Zone Health Department, the Mizan-Aman Municipality and Health Office, and the water supply and sewerage authority. Prior to sample collection, information was delivered to participants regarding the benefits and risks and ensured voluntary participation and autonomy to participate or withdraw without any risk. Consequently, participants were orally agreed to participate in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical declaration"}}],"article-number":"13477"}}