{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:11:31Z","timestamp":1790997091694,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":50,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Duke Hematology & Transfusion Medicine Training Program","award":["NHLBI T32 HL007057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHLBI T32 HL007057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43178-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:35:38Z","timestamp":1774290938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Monitoring treatment response using an ultra-sensitive ctDNA assay in advanced esophagogastric cancer patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio C. P.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine I.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"McDaniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraja","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Christopher","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingmiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingquan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Niedzwiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Strickler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard O.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Uronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"43178_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray, F. et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 74, 229\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21834 (2024).","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"43178_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30354-3","volume":"388","author":"E Van Cutsem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Cutsem, E., Sagaert, X., Topal, B., Haustermans, K. & Prenen, H. Gastric cancer. Lancet 388, 2654\u20132664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30354-3 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"43178_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00797-2","volume":"398","author":"YY Janjigian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janjigian, Y. Y. et al. First-line nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (CheckMate 649): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 398, 27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00797-2 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"43178_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chau, I. Nivolumab (NIVO) plus ipilimumab (IPI) or NIVO plus chemotherapy (chemo) versus chemo as first-line (1L) treatment for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC): First results of the CheckMate 648 study. J. Clin. Oncol. 39 (2021 (suppl 15; abstr LBA4001)). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.LBA4001 (2021).","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.LBA4001"},{"key":"43178_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00620-7","volume":"401","author":"K Shitara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shitara, K. et al. Zolbetuximab plus mFOLFOX6 in patients with CLDN18.2-positive, HER2-negative, untreated, locally advanced unresectable or metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (SPOTLIGHT): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet 401, 1655\u20131668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00620-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"43178_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02465-7","volume":"29","author":"MA Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah, M. A. et al. Zolbetuximab plus CAPOX in CLDN18.2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: the randomized, phase 3 GLOW trial. Nat. Med. 29, 2133\u20132141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02465-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"43178_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409405","volume":"371","author":"G Genovese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Genovese, G. et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and blood-cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence. N Engl. J. Med. 371, 2477\u20132487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1409405 (2014).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"43178_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab176","volume":"67","author":"RSP Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, R. S. P. et al. Circulating Cell-Free DNA Yield and Circulating-Tumor DNA Quantity from Liquid Biopsies of 12 139 Cancer Patients. Clin. Chem. 67, 1554\u20131566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab176 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"43178_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1159\/000510771","volume":"51","author":"Y Einbinder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Einbinder, Y. et al. Elevated Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Hemodialysis-Treated Patients Is Associated with Increased Mortality. Am. J. Nephrol. 51, 852\u2013860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000510771 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"43178_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nadauld, L. D. et al. The PATHFINDER Study: Assessment of the Implementation of an Investigational Multi-Cancer Early Detection Test into Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel). 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13143501 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143501"},{"key":"43178_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_349143","volume":"42","author":"OB Alese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alese, O. B. et al. Circulating Tumor DNA: An Emerging Tool in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book. 42, 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/EDBK_349143 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book."},{"key":"43178_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2531-z","volume":"11","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Deep sequencing of circulating tumor DNA detects molecular residual disease and predicts recurrence in gastric cancer. Cell. Death Dis. 11, 346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-020-2531-z (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"43178_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200420","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.22.00420","volume":"6","author":"BM Huffman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huffman, B. M. et al. Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA to Predict Risk of Recurrence in Patients With Esophageal and Gastric Cancers. JCO Precis Oncol. 6, e2200420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/PO.22.00420 (2022).","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol."},{"key":"43178_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.28565","volume":"15","author":"J Northcott","year":"2024","unstructured":"Northcott, J. et al. Analytical validation of NeXT Personal(R), an ultra-sensitive personalized circulating tumor DNA assay. Oncotarget 15, 200\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.28565 (2024).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"43178_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02300-3","volume":"129","author":"SB Ryoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ryoo, S. B. et al. Personalised circulating tumour DNA assay with large-scale mutation coverage for sensitive minimal residual disease detection in colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer. 129, 374\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-023-02300-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"43178_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S322242","volume":"16","author":"HM O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan, H. M., Feber, A. & Popat, S. Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring in Radically Treated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Challenges and Future Directions. Onco Targets Ther. 16, 249\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OTT.S322242 (2023).","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"43178_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05776-4","volume":"616","author":"C Abbosh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbosh, C. et al. Tracking early lung cancer metastatic dissemination in TRACERx using ctDNA. Nature 616, 553\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-05776-4 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43178_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uronis, H. E. et al. KEYlargo: A phase II study of first-line pembrolizumab (P), capecitabine (C), and oxaliplatin (O) in HER2-negative gastroesophageal (GE) adenocarcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 39 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.3_suppl.228 (2021).","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.3_suppl.228"},{"key":"43178_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01234-4","volume":"398","author":"JM Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, J. M. et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for first-line treatment of advanced oesophageal cancer (KEYNOTE-590): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet 398, 759\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01234-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"43178_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00515-6","volume":"24","author":"SY Rha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rha, S. Y. et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer (KEYNOTE-859): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 24, 1181\u20131195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00515-6 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"43178_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14310-3","volume":"11","author":"A Leal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leal, A. et al. White blood cell and cell-free DNA analyses for detection of residual disease in gastric cancer. Nat. Commun. 11, 525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-14310-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"43178_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0292-5","volume":"51","author":"YW Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, Y. W. et al. Monitoring circulating tumor DNA by analyzing personalized cancer-specific rearrangements to detect recurrence in gastric cancer. Exp. Mol. Med. 51, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-019-0292-5 (2019).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"43178_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azad, T. D. et al. Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis for Detection of Minimal Residual Disease After Chemoradiotherapy for Localized Esophageal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 158, 494\u2013505 e496, (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.10.039","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.10.039"},{"key":"43178_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ococks, E. et al. Serial Circulating Tumor DNA Detection Using a Personalized, Tumor-Informed Assay in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Patients Following Resection. Gastroenterology.\u00a0161, 1705\u20131708 e1702, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.011","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.011"},{"key":"43178_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30018","volume":"138","author":"WL Fang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fang, W. L. et al. Clinical significance of circulating plasma DNA in gastric cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 138, 2974\u20132983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.30018 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"43178_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-022-01313-w","volume":"25","author":"MJM van Velzen","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Velzen, M. J. M. et al. Circulating tumor DNA predicts outcome in metastatic gastroesophageal cancer. Gastric Cancer. 25, 906\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10120-022-01313-w (2022).","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"43178_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1704","volume":"25","author":"SB Maron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maron, S. B. et al. Circulating Tumor DNA Sequencing Analysis of Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 25, 7098\u20137112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1704 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"43178_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12907-018-0079-y","volume":"18","author":"SRC Normando","year":"2018","unstructured":"Normando, S. R. C. et al. Circulating free plasma tumor DNA in patients with advanced gastric cancer receiving systemic chemotherapy. BMC Clin. Pathol. 18, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12907-018-0079-y (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"43178_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-0096-5","volume":"1","author":"SV Bratman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bratman, S. V. et al. Personalized circulating tumor DNA analysis as a predictive biomarker in solid tumor patients treated with pembrolizumab. Nat. Cancer. 1, 873\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43018-020-0096-5 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"43178_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0101-z","volume":"24","author":"ST Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, S. T. et al. Comprehensive molecular characterization of clinical responses to PD-1 inhibition in metastatic gastric cancer. Nat. Med. 24, 1449\u20131458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0101-z (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"43178_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-2386","volume":"28","author":"AB Nixon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nixon, A. B. et al. Predictive Biomarkers of Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with IFNalpha +\/- Bevacizumab: Results from CALGB 90206 (Alliance). Clin. Cancer Res. 28, 2771\u20132778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-2386 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43178-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43178-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43178-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:02:46Z","timestamp":1778760166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43178-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-43178-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"ABN has received research funding from Genentech, Genmab, MedImmune\/AstraZeneca, Seattle Genetics, and has received consultant\/advisory compensation from Sanofi and Leap Therapeutics. LM has stock in Personalis and other intellectual property. JJ has received research funding from Bayer, Incyte, Roche\/Genentech, and Xilis. JHS has received research funding or contracted research from Abbvie, Amgen, AStar D3, Bayer, Beigene, Curegenix, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Erasca, GSK, Leap Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Revolution Medicines, Roche\/Genentech, Seagen; has received consultant\/advisory compensation from Abbvie, Agenus, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, GSK, Johnson and Johnson, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Natera, Pfizer, Roche\/Genentech, Regeneron, Sanofi, Taiho, Takeda, Xilio Therapeutics; and has received stocks from Triumvira Immunologics. HU has received research funding from Adaptimmune, Arcus Biosciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech\/Roche, Leap Therapeutics, Macrogenics, Merck; and has received consultant\/advisory compensation from AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb\/Medarex. FCPN, CA, LM, NR, SMB, ROC are employed by and have received stocks from Personalis, Inc. The other authors declared no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14766"}}