{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T21:58:56Z","timestamp":1775685536815,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43187-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:17:32Z","timestamp":1773317852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated morphological, molecular, and immunopathological characterization of Raillietina hymenolepidoides from Psammomys obesus reveals potent in vitro anthelmintic activity of Androctonus crassicauda venom"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fatma A S","family":"Anwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naser A.","family":"Alkenani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sary Khaleel","family":"Abd-elghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossam El-Din M.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma M.","family":"Abdel-maksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Abdelsater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Islam S. E.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Rudayni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-zharani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Komla Mawunyo","family":"Dossouvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Elkelish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara Abdel Aal","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"43187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3961-2","volume":"13","author":"A Bajer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bajer, A. et al. Rodents as intermediate hosts of cestode parasites of mammalian carnivores and birds of prey in Poland, with the first data on the life-cycle of Mesocestoides melesi. Parasites vectors. 13, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-3961-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Parasites vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"43187_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2013-23","volume":"42","author":"AI Youssef","year":"2014","unstructured":"Youssef, A. I. & Uga, S. Review of parasitic zoonoses in Egypt. Trop. Med. health. 42 (1), 3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2149\/tmh.2013-23 (2014).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. health"},{"issue":"8","key":"43187_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2160-2169","volume":"14","author":"AE Younis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Younis, A. E., Saad, A. I., El-Akhal, I. R. M. & Saleh, N. M. K. A parasitological survey of zoonotic cestodes carried by house rats in Aswan, Egypt, reveals cryptic diversity at the molecular level. Veterinary World. 14 (8), 2160\u20132169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2160-2169 (2021).","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"issue":"10","key":"43187_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00137-1","volume":"33","author":"MG Macnish","year":"2003","unstructured":"Macnish, M. G., Ryan, U. M., Behnke, J. M. & Thompson, R. C. A. Detection of the rodent tapeworm Rodentolepis (=\u2009Hymenolepis) microstoma in humans. A new zoonosis? Int. J. Parasitol. 33 (10), 1079\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00137-1 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"5","key":"43187_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118202000013X","volume":"147","author":"SG Sapp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sapp, S. G. & Bradbury, R. S. The forgotten exotic tapeworms: a review of uncommon zoonotic Cyclophyllidea. Parasitology 147 (5), 533\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003118202000013X (2020).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"43187_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2307\/3272117","volume":"24","author":"MW Horsfall","year":"1938","unstructured":"Horsfall, M. W. Observations on the life history of Raillietina echinobothrida and of R. tetragona (Cestoda). J. Parasitol. 24 (5), 409\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3272117 (1938).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"43187_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2307\/3274764","volume":"43","author":"AC Chandler","year":"1957","unstructured":"Chandler, A. C. & Pradatsundarasar, A. Two cases of Raillietina infection in infants in Thailand, with a discussion of the taxonomy of the species of Raillietina (Cestoda) in man, rodents and monkeys. J. Parasitol. 43 (1), 81\u201388 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"43187_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2012.01.012","volume":"46","author":"KC Tung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tung, K. C., Hsiao, F. C., Wang, K. S., Yang, C. H. & Lai, C. H. Study of the endoparasitic fauna of commensal rats and shrews caught in traditional wet markets in Taichung City. Taiwan. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 46 (2), 85\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2012.01.012 (2013).","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"issue":"6","key":"43187_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz055","volume":"69","author":"RE Davis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davis, R. E., Mathison, B. A. & Couturier, M. R. Raillietiniaisis in a toddler from Hawaii: a case of mistaken tapeworm identity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 69 (6), 1053\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciz055 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"43187_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.04.025","volume":"181","author":"RCA Thompson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thompson, R. C. A. & Conlan, J. V. Emerging issues and parasite zoonoses in the SE Asian and Australasian region. Vet. Parasitol. 181 (1), 69\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.04.025 (2011).","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"43187_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.10.004","volume":"44","author":"JN Caira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Waeschenbach, A., Olson, P. D. & Littlewood, D. T. J. Orders out of chaos\u2013molecular phylogenetics reveals the complexity of shark and stingray tapeworm relationships. Int. J. Parasitol. 44 (1), 55\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.10.004 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"43187_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0758:IOTAIC]2.0.CO;2","volume":"88","author":"KS Eom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eom, K. S. et al. Identification of Taenia asiatica in China: molecular, morphological, and epidemiological analysis of a Luzhai isolate. J. Parasitol. 88 (4), 758\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0758:IOTAIC]2.0.CO;2 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"43187_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.03.003","volume":"59","author":"A Lavikainen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lavikainen, A. et al. Mitochondrial DNA data reveal cryptic species within Taenia krabbei. Parasitol. Int. 59 (2), 290\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2010.03.003 (2010).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"43187_CR14","unstructured":"LeBerre, M. & Chevallier, J. Faune du Sahara. In Mammif\u00e8res (Vol. 2). Lechevalier. (1990)."},{"key":"43187_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mendelssohn, H. & Yom-Tov, Y. A report of birds and mammals which have increased their distribution and abundance in Israel due to human activity. Isr. J. Ecol. Evol., 45(1), 35\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00212210.1999.10688975 (1999","DOI":"10.1080\/00212210.1999.10688975"},{"issue":"1","key":"43187_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01018.x","volume":"248","author":"E Fichet-Calvet","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fichet-Calvet, E., Jom\u00e2a, I., Ismail, R. B. & Ashford, R. W. Reproduction and abundance of the fat sand rat (Psammomys obesus) in relation to weather conditions in Tunisia. J. Zool. 248 (1), 15\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01018.x (1999).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"43187_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.01.013","volume":"59","author":"SB Othman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Othman, S. B. et al. First detection of Leishmania DNA in Psammomys obesus and Psammomys vexillaris: Their potential involvement in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Tunisia. Infect. Genet. Evol. 59, 7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.01.013 (2018).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"43187_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980057617","volume":"94","author":"E Fichet-Calvet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fichet-Calvet, E., Joma\u00e2, I., Ben Ismail, R. & Ashford, R. W. Patterns of infection of haemoparasites in the fat sand rat, Psammomys obesus, in Tunisia, and effect on the host. Annals Trop. Med. Parasitol. 94 (1), 55\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00034980057617 (2000).","journal-title":"Annals Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"issue":"186","key":"43187_CR19","first-page":"7","volume":"7","author":"WL Yakimoff","year":"1914","unstructured":"Yakimoff, W. L. & Schokhor, N. I. Recherches sur les maladies tropicales humaines et animales au Turkestan. II. La leishmaniose cutan\u00e9e (bouton d\u2019Orient) spontan\u00e9e du chien Turkestan. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 7 (186), 7 (1914).","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot"},{"issue":"4","key":"43187_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90125-2","volume":"80","author":"W Peters","year":"1986","unstructured":"Peters, W., Elbihari, S. & Evans, D. A. Leishmania infecting man and wild animals in Saudi Arabia. 2. Leishmania arabica n. sp. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80 (4), 497\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90125-2 (1986).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"2","key":"43187_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.12816\/0006331","volume":"42","author":"AEA Banaja","year":"2012","unstructured":"Banaja, A. E. A., Soliman, M. I., Taha, H. A. & Ashour, A. A. SEM studies on Trichurus muris from Psammomys obessus from Sinai Peninsula. Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 42 (2), 453\u2013460 (2012).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"issue":"6","key":"43187_CR22","first-page":"22","volume":"40","author":"HE Gruber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gruber, H. E., Johnson, T. L., Kinsella, J. M., Greiner, E. C. & Gordon, B. E. Tapeworm identification in the fat sand rat (Psammomys obesus obesus). J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 40 (6), 22\u201324 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"43187_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003","volume":"126","author":"E Fichet-Calvet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fichet-Calvet, E., Wang, J., Jomaa, I., Ismail, R. B. & Ashford, R. W. Patterns of the tapeworm Raillietina trapezoides infection in the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus in Tunisia: season, climatic conditions, host age and crowding effects. Parasitology 126 (5), 481\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182003 (2003).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"8","key":"43187_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2023.103713","volume":"30","author":"A Alshammari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alshammari, A., Anwar, F. A., Mohamed, S. A. A. & Abdelsater, N. Antihelimentic effect of Androctonus crassicauda scorpion venom against Trichuris arvicolae isolated from Psammomys obesus in Egypt. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 30 (8), 103713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2023.103713 (2023).","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"43187_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2019.68189","volume":"49","author":"AA Elfiky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elfiky, A. A., Attia, H. R. & Abd Elaziz, M. R. Cross neutralization of some kinds of scorpion venoms from Africa and South East using VACSERA Polyvalent Scorpion Antisera. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 49 (2), 443\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jesp.2019.68189 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"issue":"12","key":"43187_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1515\/ract-2022-0016","volume":"110","author":"LV Yekany","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yekany, L. V., Mofrad, F. B., Shirmardi, S. P., Erfani, M. & Mirakabadi, A. Z. Radiolabeling of Iranian Androctonus crassicauda Scorpion Venom with Technetium-99m for Biological Studies. Radiochim. Acta. 110 (12), 995\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ract-2022-0016 (2022).","journal-title":"Radiochim. Acta"},{"issue":"7","key":"43187_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.05.014","volume":"27","author":"ES Al-Malki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Malki, E. S. & Abdelsater, N. In vitro Scolicidal effects of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) venom against the protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 27 (7), 1760\u20131765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.05.014 (2020).","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"43187_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101937","volume":"34","author":"ES Al-Malki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Malki, E. S., Aljedaie, M. M., Amer, O. S., Abdelsater, N. & Badry, A. Scorpion crude venom induced apoptosis and structural changes of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. J. King Saud University-Science. 34 (4), 101937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101937 (2022).","journal-title":"J. King Saud University-Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"43187_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2307\/3283633","volume":"78","author":"DR Brooks","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brooks, D. R. & Amato, J. F. Cestode parasites in Potamotrygon motoro (Natterer) (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from southwestern Brazil, including Rhinebothroides mclennanae n. sp.(Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae), and a revised host-parasite checklist for helminths inhabiting neotropical freshwater stingrays. J. Parasitol. 78 (3), 393\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3283633 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3","key":"43187_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/10520296209117729","volume":"37","author":"JC Chubb","year":"1962","unstructured":"Chubb, J. C. Acetic acid as a diluent and dehydrant in the preparation of whole, stained helminths. Stain Technol. 37 (3), 179\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10520296209117729 (1962).","journal-title":"Stain Technol."},{"key":"43187_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4864-6","volume":"115","author":"K Deori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deori, K. & Yadav, A. K. Anthelmintic effects of Oroxylum indicum stem bark extract on juvenile and adult stages of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda), an in vitro and in vivo study. Parasitol. Res. 115, 1275\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-015-4864-6 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"43187_CR32","unstructured":"Bancroft, J. D. & Stevens, A. Theory practice of histological examination. New York. (1982)."},{"issue":"4","key":"43187_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927619014557","volume":"25","author":"FM Abdel-Maksoud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdel-Maksoud, F. M., Hussein, M. T. & Attaai, A. Seasonal variation of the intraepithelial gland in camel epididymis with special reference to autophagosome. Microsc. Microanal. 25 (4), 1052\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1431927619014557 (2019).","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"43187_CR34","unstructured":"Sambrook, J. F. & Russell, D. W. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, third 39 edition Vol. 40, 41 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001)."},{"issue":"3","key":"43187_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. & Lipman, D. J. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215 (3), 403\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"22","key":"43187_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., Gibson, T. J. & CLUSTAL, W. Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (22), 4673\u20134680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673 (1994).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"43187_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","author":"K Tamura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol. Biol. Evol., 30(12), 2725\u20132729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/mst197 (2013)."},{"key":"43187_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Banda, A., Gandiwa, E., Muposhi, V. K. & Muboko, N. Ecological interactions, local people awareness and practices on rodent-borne diseases in Africa: A review. Acta Tropica 238, 106743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106743 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106743"},{"issue":"7","key":"43187_CR39","first-page":"7072","volume":"31","author":"FA Anwar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anwar, F. A. et al. Intestinal helminth infestation of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) collected from north coast egypt ecological morphological and histopathological approach. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 31 (7), 7072\u20137082 (2022).","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."},{"key":"43187_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mariaux, J. & Georgiev, B. B. Cestode parasites (Neodermata, Platyhelminthes) from Malaysian birds, with description of five new species. Eur. J. Taxonomy. 616 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5852\/ejt.2020.616 (2020).","DOI":"10.5852\/ejt.2020.616"},{"issue":"2","key":"43187_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2009.00148.x","volume":"4","author":"DM Fagir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fagir, D. M. & EL-Rayah, E. A. Parasites of the Nile rat in rural and urban regions of Sudan. Integr. Zool. 4 (2), 179\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2009.00148.x (2009).","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"43187_CR42","unstructured":"Yamaguti, S. Systema helminthum. Volume III. The nematodes of vertebrates. (1961)."},{"key":"43187_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.117873","volume":"52","author":"C Joyeux","year":"1945","unstructured":"Joyeux, C. & Baer, J. G. Morphology, evolution and systematic position of Catenotaenia pusilla (Goeze, 1782), Cestode parasite of Rodents. Rev (in French). Suisse Zool. 52, 13\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962\/bhl.part.117873 (1945).","journal-title":"Suisse Zool."},{"key":"43187_CR44","unstructured":"Wardle, R. A. & McLeod, J. A. The Zoology of Tapeworms (Hafner Publishing, 1968)."},{"issue":"1","key":"43187_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X07870830","volume":"82","author":"MA Abu-Madi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abu-Madi, M. A., Pal, P., Al-Thani, A. & Lewis, J. W. Descriptive epidemiology of intestinal helminth parasites from stray cat populations in Qatar. J. Helminthol. 82 (1), 59\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022149X07870830 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"43187_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelsater, N., Amer, O. S., Elshehaby, M. & Mohamed, S. A. A. Alterations in the Tegument Surface of Adult Fasciola gigantica, After in vitro Treatment with the Crude Venom of Vespa orientalis. J. Adv. Veterinary Res., 13 (2). (2023). https:\/\/www.advetresearch.com\/index.php\/AVR\/article\/view\/1184.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2116577\/v1"},{"issue":"2","key":"43187_CR47","first-page":"323","volume":"80","author":"ST Salam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salam, S. T., Mir, M. S. & Khan, A. R. The prevalence and pathology of Raillietina cesticillus in indigenous chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the temperate Himalayan region of Kashmir-short communication. Vet. Arh. 80 (2), 323\u2013328 (2010). https:\/\/hrcak.srce.hr\/56720","journal-title":"Vet. Arh"},{"issue":"3","key":"43187_CR48","first-page":"44","volume":"4","author":"C Demis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Demis, C., Anteneh, M. & Basith, A. Tapeworms of poultry in Ethiopia: A Review. Br. J. Poult. Sci. 4 (3), 44\u201352 (2015).","journal-title":"Br. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"43187_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaki, A. et al. Epidemiological and pathological studies on the helminthic parasites in native chickens of Tabriz city. Iran. Genet. Mol. Res. 16 (4). (2017).","DOI":"10.4238\/gmr16039824"},{"issue":"4","key":"43187_CR50","first-page":"661","volume":"6","author":"SD Patil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patil, S. D. & Hemlata, S. C. Histopathological Studies on intestine of Gallus Domesticus infected with cestode parasites. Bioscan 6 (4), 661\u2013663 (2011). https:\/\/thebioscan.com\/index.php\/pub\/article\/view\/2078","journal-title":"Bioscan"},{"issue":"11","key":"43187_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.214","volume":"303A","author":"LG Tilney","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tilney, L. G., Connelly, P. S., Guild, G. M., Vranich, K. A. & Artis, D. Adaptation of a nematode parasite to living within the mammalian epithelium. J. Exp. Zool. 303A (11), 927\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.a.214 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"43187_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, M. P. M. & Saliba, A. M. Histological and histochemical study of the lesions induced by Trichuris vulpis in the caecum of dogs. Rev. Fac. Med. Vet. Zootec Saint Paulo Univ. 59\u201367. (1974).","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2318-3659.v11i1p59-68"},{"key":"43187_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00892","volume":"8","author":"HH Van Acker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Acker, H. H., Capsomidis, A., Smits, E. L. & Van Tendeloo, V. F. CD56 in the immune system: more than a marker for cytotoxicity? Front. Immunol. 8, 892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00892 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"43187_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5581\/1516-8484.20110054","volume":"33","author":"AP Alegretti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alegretti, A. P. et al. The expression of CD56 antigen is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Revista brasileira de hematologia e hemoterapia. 33, 202\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5581\/1516-8484.20110054 (2011).","journal-title":"Revista brasileira de hematologia e hemoterapia"},{"key":"43187_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00212","volume":"8","author":"AS Wolf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wolf, A. S., Sherratt, S. & Riley, E. M. NK cells: uncertain allies against malaria. Front. Immunol. 8, 212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00212 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"43187_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuovo, G. J. In situ molecular pathology and co-expression analyses (Academic, 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820653-9.00011-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"43187_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092100311","volume":"210","author":"DA Hume","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hume, D. A., Perry, V. H. & Gordon, S. The mononuclear phagocyte system of the mouse defined by immunohistochemical localisation of antigen F4\/80: macrophages associated with epithelia. Anat. Rec. 210 (3), 503\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.1092100311 (1984).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"4","key":"43187_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e318280292b","volume":"19","author":"F Caprioli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caprioli, F. et al. Reduction of CD68\u2009+\u2009macrophages and decreased IL-17 expression in intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease strongly correlate with endoscopic response and mucosal healing following infliximab therapy. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 19 (4), 729\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MIB.0b013e318280292b (2013).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"43187_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700669","volume":"87","author":"GJ Prud\u2019homme","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prud\u2019homme, G. J. Pathobiology of transforming growth factor \u03b2 in cancer, fibrosis and immunologic disease, and therapeutic considerations. Lab. Invest. 87 (11), 1077\u20131091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.3700669 (2007).","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"43187_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01266.x","volume":"33","author":"BS Dezfuli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dezfuli, B. S., Castaldelli, G., Bo, T., Lorenzoni, M. & Giari, L. Intestinal immune response of Silurus glanis and Barbus barbus naturally infected with Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala). Parasite Immunol. 33 (2), 116\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01266.x (2011).","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"43187_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00192-08","volume":"76","author":"JJ Reece","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reece, J. J. et al. Hookworm-induced persistent changes to the immunological environment of the lung. Infect. Immun. 76, 3511\u20133524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00192-08 (2008).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"43187_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737827","volume":"38","author":"BJ Marsland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marsland, B. J., Kurrer, M., Reissmann, R., Harris, N. L. & Kopf, M. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection leads to the development of emphysema associated with the induction of alternatively activated macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol. 38, 479\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.200737827 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"43187_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00502-09","volume":"78","author":"M Harvie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harvie, M. et al. The lung is an important site for priming CD4 T-cell mediated protective immunity against gastrointestinal helminth parasites. Infect. Immun. 78, 3753\u20133762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00502-09 (2010).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43187-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43187-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43187-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:33:14Z","timestamp":1774884794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43187-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-43187-3","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The procedures followed the guidelines for capture, handling, and care of mammals of the Animal house ethical committee, Assiut University, ethically approved all procedures in this study. All animals\u2019 procedures were in accordance with the standard international guidelines by the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of Laboratory animals and Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt 06\/2023\/0126. This study was conducted and reported in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines and in accordance with internationally accepted standards for animal welfare. All anesthesia and euthanasia procedures followed AVMA (2020) guidelines and were designed to minimize pain and distress.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"10540"}}