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However, the development of resistance to PIs as well as serious side effects of PI treatment continue to justify the search for effective, less burdensome combination therapies. Thus, we investigated the therapeutic potential of VS-4718 (dual pPYK2- and pFAK-inhibitor) alone and in combination with the PI carfilzomib (carf) in parental human MM cell lines (pHMCLs) and PI triple-resistant HMCLs (rHMCLs). VS-4718 reduced the viability in a concentration dependent manner in all pHMCLs and the response was independent of PYK2 expression or activation. A more than additive impact of the combination therapy on survival, measured by annexin V-FITC\/PI staining, was observed in 5\/7 pHMCLs. Titration experiments showed that VS-4718 in combination with low and sublethal doses of carf had a specific anti-tumor effect on pHMCLs but hardly affected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In rHMCLs, addition of VS-4718 to carf re-sensitized cells to carf and revealed a more than additive reduction in cell survival. These findings suggest that VS-4718 together with low doses of carf could be an effective and low-toxic combination in MM, including PI-resistant, relapsed\/refractory MM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43205-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:47:10Z","timestamp":1773686830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["VS-4718 enhances apoptosis induced by low-dose carfilzomib and overcomes carfilzomib resistance in PSMB5-mutated proteasome inhibitor resistant multiple myeloma"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Leich-Zbat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia Catalina","family":"Heredia-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marietheres","family":"Evers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"St\u00fchmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Grieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilka","family":"Rauert-Wunderlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf C.","family":"Bargou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Rosenwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manik","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Br\u00fcnnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"43205_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.138","volume":"31","author":"SK Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar, S. 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Sci. 44, 507\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tips.2023.05.006 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"43205_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36311","volume":"10","author":"XX Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, X. X. et al. Meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety of proteasome inhibitor-dependent maintenance treatment for multiple myeloma a systematic review. Heliyon 10, e36311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36311 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"43205_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15210","volume":"182","author":"CT Wallington-Beddoe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wallington-Beddoe, C. T., Sobieraj-Teague, M., Kuss, B. J. & Pitson, S. M. Resistance to proteasome inhibitors and other targeted therapies in myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 182, 11\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.15210 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. J. 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