{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:48:55Z","timestamp":1792198135844,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-RISE-17-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RISE-17-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43340-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:06:12Z","timestamp":1773763572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synergistic adsorption of NH3 and H2S over layered hydrochar-derived pyrochars: mechanistic divergence and cooperative acid-base activation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Myeongjin","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Hac","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"43340_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151648","volume":"816","author":"P Arauzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arauzo, P. et al. Influence of sequential HTC pre-treatment and pyrolysis on wet food-industry wastes: Optimisation toward nitrogen-rich hierarchical carbonaceous materials intended for use in energy storage solutions. Sci. Total Environ. 816, 151648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151648 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"43340_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-024-00421-3","volume":"7","author":"M Ayaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ayaz, M., Muntaha, S. T., Baltr\u0117nait\u0117-Gedien\u0117, E. & Kriau\u010di\u016bnien\u0117, Z. Biochar and carbon-negative technologies: exploring opportunities for climate change mitigation. Biochar 7 (1), 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-024-00421-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"43340_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122565","volume":"394","author":"N Bhoria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhoria, N. et al. Functionalization effects on HKUST-1 and HKUST-1\/graphene oxide hybrid adsorbents for hydrogen sulfide removal. J. Hazard. Mater. 394, 122565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122565 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"23","key":"43340_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12434","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP02449B","volume":"21","author":"YS Blanco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanco, Y. S. et al. Chemical equilibria of aqueous ammonium\u2013carboxylate systems in aqueous bulk, close to and at the water\u2013air interface. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21 (23), 12434\u201312445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9CP02449B (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"43340_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.11.084","volume":"107","author":"KB Cantrell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cantrell, K. B., Hunt, P. G., Uchimiya, M., Novak, J. M. & Ro, K. S. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Bioresour Technol. 107, 419\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.11.084 (2012).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"43340_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159627","volume":"857","author":"M Cavali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cavali, M. et al. A review on hydrothermal carbonization of potential biomass wastes, characterization and environmental applications of hydrochar, and biorefinery perspectives of the process. Sci. Total Environ. 857, 159627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159627 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"43340_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1080\/00986445.2019.1601627","volume":"206","author":"LH de Oliveira","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Oliveira, L. H., Meneguin, J. G., Pereira, M. V., do Nascimento, J. F. & Arroyo, P. A. Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, and their mixtures on activated carbon. Chem. Eng. Commun. 206 (11), 1533\u20131553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00986445.2019.1601627 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"43340_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1021\/cr4006473","volume":"114","author":"JB DeCoste","year":"2014","unstructured":"DeCoste, J. B. & Peterson, G. W. Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks for Air Purification of Toxic Chemicals. Chem. Rev. 114 (11), 5695\u20135727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/cr4006473 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"43340_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2017.08.026","volume":"57","author":"J Fang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fang, J., Zhan, L., Ok, Y. S. & Gao, B. Minireview of potential applications of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 57, 15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiec.2017.08.026 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"43340_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.08.071","volume":"220","author":"RK Garlapalli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garlapalli, R. K., Wirth, B. & Reza, M. T. Pyrolysis of hydrochar from digestate: Effect of hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis temperatures on pyrochar formation. Bioresour. Technol. 220, 168\u2013174 (2016).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"43340_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.06.039","volume":"95","author":"G Gasco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gasco, G., Paz-Ferreiro, J., Cely, P., Plaza, C. & Mendez, A. Influence of pig manure and its biochar on soil CO2 emissions and soil enzymes. Ecol. Eng. 95, 19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.06.039 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"43340_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.08.015","volume":"79","author":"G Gasc\u00f3","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gasc\u00f3, G., Paz-Ferreiro, J., \u00c1lvarez, M. L., Saa, A. & M\u00e9ndez, A. Biochars and hydrochars prepared by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of pig manure. Waste Manag. 79, 395\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.08.015 (2018).","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"43340_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2006.09.016","volume":"45","author":"J Guo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guo, J. et al. Adsorption of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) by activated carbons derived from oil-palm shell. Carbon 45 (2), 330\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbon.2006.09.016 (2007).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"43340_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.162","volume":"334","author":"M Hervy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hervy, M. et al. H2S removal from syngas using wastes pyrolysis chars. Chem. Eng. J. 334, 2179\u20132189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.162 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"43340_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00199-2","volume":"4","author":"D Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, D., Wang, N., Bai, X., Chen, Y. & Xu, Q. The influencing mechanism of O2, H2O, and CO2 on the H2S removal of food waste digestate-derived biochar with abundant minerals. Biochar 4 (1), 71 (2022).","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"43340_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2022.06.028","volume":"184","author":"JO Ighalo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ighalo, J. O. et al. Recent advances in hydrochar application for the adsorptive removal of wastewater pollutants. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 184, 419\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cherd.2022.06.028 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"issue":"18","key":"43340_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16467","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04027-w","volume":"13","author":"RP Ipiales","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ipiales, R. P. et al. Strategies to improve swine manure hydrochar: HCl-assisted hydrothermal carbonization versus hydrochar washing. Biomass Conv Bioref. 13 (18), 16467\u201316478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-023-04027-w (2023).","journal-title":"Biomass Conv Bioref"},{"issue":"2","key":"43340_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01366-w","volume":"20","author":"Q Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang, Q. et al. Simultaneous removal of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in the gas phase: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 20 (2), 1403\u20131419 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"49","key":"43340_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22133","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b03800","volume":"58","author":"M Khabazipour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khabazipour, M. & Anbia, M. Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Gas Streams Using Porous Materials: A Review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 58 (49), 22133\u201322164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b03800 (2019).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"43340_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.3390\/en13164098","volume":"13","author":"MP Maniscalco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maniscalco, M. P., Volpe, M. & Messineo, A. Hydrothermal Carbonization as a Valuable Tool for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Review. Energies 13 (16), 4098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13164098 (2020).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"3","key":"43340_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1515\/eces-2018-0026","volume":"25","author":"M Marsza\u0142ek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marsza\u0142ek, M., Kowalski, Z. & Makara, A. Emission of greenhouse gases and odorants from pig slurry-effect on the environment and methods of its reduction. Ecol. Chem. Eng. 25 (3), 383\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/eces-2018-0026 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecol. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"43340_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-023-07987-3","volume":"49","author":"EF Mohamed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohamed, E. F., El-Mekawy, A., Ahmed, S. A. S. & Fathy, N. A. High Adsorption Capacity of Ammonia Gas Pollutant Using Adsorbents of Carbon Composites. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 49 (1), 261\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-023-07987-3 (2024).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"43340_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121101","volume":"260","author":"MP Olszewski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olszewski, M. P., Nicolae, S. A., Arauzo, P. J., Titirici, M-M. & Kruse, A. Wet and dry? Influence of hydrothermal carbonization on the pyrolysis of spent grains. J. Clean. Prod. 260, 121101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121101 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"3","key":"43340_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-019-0927-7","volume":"9","author":"H Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel, H. Fixed-bed column adsorption study: a comprehensive review. Appl. Water Sci. 9 (3), 45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13201-019-0927-7 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"issue":"24","key":"43340_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17647","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00140","volume":"122","author":"E P\u00e9rez-Botella","year":"2022","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Botella, E., Valencia, S. & Rey, F. Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects. Chem. Rev. 122 (24), 17647\u201317695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00140 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"43340_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-024-00350-1","volume":"6","author":"G Ravindiran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ravindiran, G. et al. Production and modifications of biochar to engineered materials and its application for environmental sustainability: a review. Biochar 6 (1), 62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-024-00350-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"issue":"4","key":"43340_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.03.024","volume":"98","author":"CC Rodrigues","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C. C., de Moraes, D. Jr, Da Nobrega, S. W. & Barboza, M. G. Ammonia adsorption in a fixed bed of activated carbon. Bioresour Technol. 98 (4), 886\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.03.024 (2007).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"43340_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2014.03.010","volume":"124","author":"R Sitthikhankaew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sitthikhankaew, R., Chadwick, D., Assabumrungrat, S. & Laosiripojana, N. Effects of humidity, O2, and CO2 on H2S adsorption onto upgraded and KOH impregnated activated carbons. Fuel Process. Technol. 124, 249\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuproc.2014.03.010 (2014).","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"43340_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15030327","volume":"15","author":"J-M Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song, J-M. Emission characteristics of odorous compounds from a swine farm on jeju island. Korea Atmos. 15 (3), 327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos15030327 (2024).","journal-title":"Korea Atmos."},{"key":"43340_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su, M., Li, N., Huang, T. & Zhu, B. Competitive Interactions of NH 3 and Toluene with Biochar Modified by Pre-and Post-Treatments of H 3 PO 4 in Dual Adsorption Systems. BioResources 18(2). (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15376\/biores.18.2.3870-3884","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.18.2.3870-3884"},{"issue":"13","key":"43340_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6996","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA12086A","volume":"8","author":"X Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, X. et al. Research into the reaction process and the effect of reaction conditions on the simultaneous removal of H 2 S, COS and CS 2 at low temperature. RSC Adv. 8 (13), 6996\u20137004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7RA12086A (2018).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"43340_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.071","volume":"90","author":"T Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, T., Zhai, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, C. & Zeng, G. A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: Process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90, 223\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.071 (2018).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"43340_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145735","volume":"776","author":"Y-C Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y-C. et al. Emissions, measurement, and control of odor in livestock farms: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 776, 145735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145735 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"43340_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5523","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c07430","volume":"9","author":"G Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng, G., Guo, S. & Zhai, X. Experimental study on adsorption of SO2 and NH3 by activated carbon with monometallic active sites at low concentration under room temperature. ACS omega. 9 (5), 5523\u20135533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c07430 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS omega"},{"key":"43340_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2022.112043","volume":"341","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Constructing AgY@ Cu-BTC hybrid composite for enhanced sulfides capture and moisture resistance. Micropor Mesopor Mat. 341, 112043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micromeso.2022.112043 (2022a).","journal-title":"Micropor Mesopor Mat."},{"issue":"1","key":"43340_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00156-z","volume":"4","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. et al. Removal performance, mechanisms, and influencing factors of biochar for air pollutants: a critical review. Biochar 4 (1), 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-022-00156-z (2022b).","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"43340_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124676","volume":"406","author":"Z Zhuang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhuang, Z., Wang, L. & Tang, J. Efficient removal of volatile organic compound by ball-milled biochars from different preparing conditions. J. Hazard. Mater. 406, 124676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124676 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43340-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43340-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43340-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:32:17Z","timestamp":1777505537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43340-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-43340-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no financial or proprietary interest in any material discussed in this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"13860"}}