{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:59:15Z","timestamp":1781643555045,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During magma vesiculation, permeability is established when growing bubbles form connected networks which allow fluids to percolate. This percolation threshold controls the relative rates between magma ascent and volatile outgassing, which in turn dictate eruptive style. Percolation in crystal-poor magmas is controlled primarily by vesicularity and shear. We investigate the effect of realistic shear conditions on system-spanning connectivity via vesiculation experiments on rhyolitic melts in a cylindrical, conduit-like geometry. The amount of shear experienced is controlled by varying the sample and confining diameters to allow for various degrees of free (isotropic) followed by confined (anisotropic) expansion. We observe two regimes of behavior for samples dominated by (1) initial isotropic vesiculation, in which the onset of permeability corresponds with the beginning of shear deformation that connects existing vesicles and (2) anisotropic vesiculation which shows low percolation thresholds (&lt; 20%) followed by continuous deformation. We find distinct trends in porosity and permeability for sheared and unsheared samples. Furthermore, We recover the bulk dynamic permeability time series in the shearing melts which requires maintaining connectivity both within bubbles and to the exterior. The development of anisotropy is ubiquitous in vesiculating magmatic networks and our data highlight the importance of considering the in situ shear conditions when investigating the percolation threshold.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43344-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:27:00Z","timestamp":1774366020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Shear-enhanced dynamic permeability development of magma vesiculating in cylindrical conduits"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Birnbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Schauroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Kendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lamur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Lavall\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"43344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s004450050176","volume":"59","author":"SJ Matthews","year":"1997","unstructured":"Matthews, S. J., Gardeweg, M. C. & Sparks, R. S. J. The 1984 to 1996 cyclic activity of Lascar Volcano, northern Chile: cycles of dome growth, dome subsidence, degassing and explosive eruptions. Bull. Volcanol. 59, 72\u201382 (1997).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"43344_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2013.06.005","volume":"262","author":"CI Schipper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schipper, C. I., Castro, J. M., Tuffen, H., James, M. R. & How, P. Shallow vent architecture during hybrid explosive-effusive activity at Cord\u00f3n Caulle (Chile, 2011\u201312): Evidence from direct observations and pyroclast textures. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 262, 25\u201337 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research"},{"key":"43344_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.06.056","volume":"349\u2013350","author":"W Degruyter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Degruyter, W., Bachmann, O., Burgisser, A. & Manga, M. The effects of outgassing on the transition between effusive and explosive silicic eruptions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 349\u2013350, 161\u2013170 (2012).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"key":"43344_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/323598a0","volume":"323","author":"JC Eichelberger","year":"1986","unstructured":"Eichelberger, J. C., Carrigan, C. R., Westrich, H. R. & Price, R. H. Non-explosive silicic volcanism. Nature 323, 598\u2013602 (1986).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43344_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139021562.004","volume-title":"Modeling Volcanic Processes: The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism, chapter 4","author":"HM Gonnermann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gonnermann, H. M. & Manga, M. Dynamics of magma ascent in the volcanic conduit. In Modeling Volcanic Processes: The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism, chapter 4 (eds Fagents, S. A. et al.) 55\u201384 (Cambridge University Press, 2013)."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"43344_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(91)90032-D","volume":"102","author":"C Jaupart","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jaupart, C. & All\u00e8gre, C. J. Gas content, eruption rate and instabilities of eruption regime in silicic volcanoes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 102(3\u20134), 413\u2013429 (1991).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"key":"43344_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/370641a0","volume":"370","author":"AW Woods","year":"1994","unstructured":"Woods, A. W. & Koyaguchi, T. Transitions between explosive and effusive eruptions of silicic magmas. Nature 370, 641\u2013644 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43344_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(78)90002-1","volume":"3","author":"RS Sparks","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sparks, R. S. The dynamics of bubble formation and growth in magmas: A review and analysis. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 3, 1\u201337 (1978).","journal-title":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research"},{"issue":"7583","key":"43344_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16153","volume":"528","author":"Y Lavall\u00e9e","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lavall\u00e9e, Y. et al. Thermal vesiculation during volcanic eruptions. Nature 528(7583), 544\u2013547 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43344_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coumans, J.P., Llewellin, E.W., Wadsworth, F.B., Humphreys, M.C., Mathias, S.A., Yelverton, B.M., Gardner, J.E. An experimentally validated numerical model for bubble growth in magma. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 402 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2020.107002"},{"issue":"B6","key":"43344_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12187","DOI":"10.1029\/97JB00622","volume":"102","author":"E Kaminski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaminski, E. & Jaupart, C. Expansion and quenching of vesicular magma fragments in Plinian eruptions. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth 102(B6), 12187\u201312203 (1997).","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"},{"key":"43344_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(01)00227-8","volume":"186","author":"NG Lensky","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lensky, N. G., Lyakhovsky, V. & Navon, O. Radial variations of melt viscosity around growing bubbles and gas overpressure in vesiculating magmas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 186, 1\u20136 (2001).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"43344_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(98)00126-5","volume":"160","author":"O Navon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Navon, O., Chekhmir, A. & Lyakhovsky, V. Bubble growth in highly viscous melts: theory, experiments, and autoexplosivity of dome lavas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 160(3\u20134), 763\u2013776 (1998).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"B12","key":"43344_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22283","DOI":"10.1029\/93JB02027","volume":"98","author":"AA Prousevitch","year":"1993","unstructured":"Prousevitch, A. A., Sahagian, D. L. & Anderson, A. T. Dynamics of diffusive bubble growth in magmas: isothermal case. J. Geophys. Res. 98(B12), 22283\u201322307 (1993).","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"43344_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GC006024","volume":"16","author":"AG Ryan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ryan, A. G., Russell, J. K., Hess, K. U., Phillion, A. B. & Dingwell, D. B. Vesiculation in rhyolite at low H2O contents: A thermodynamic model. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 16(12), 4292\u20134310 (2015).","journal-title":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems"},{"issue":"10","key":"43344_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-012-0666-1","volume":"74","author":"JM Castro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Castro, J. M., Burgisser, A., Schipper, C. I. & Mancini, S. Mechanisms of bubble coalescence in silicic magmas. Bullet. Volcanol. 74(10), 2339\u20132352 (2012).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"key":"43344_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2015.00060","volume":"3","author":"J. Oppenheimer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oppenheimer, J., Rust, A. C., Cashman, K. V. & Sandnes, B. Gas migration regimes and outgassing in particle-rich suspensions. Front. Phys. 3, 1\u201313 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"issue":"L20316","key":"43344_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"S Okumura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okumura, S., Nakamura, M. & Tsuchiyama, A. Shear-induced bubble coalescence in rhyolitic melts with low vesicularity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(L20316), 1\u20135 (2006).","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"issue":"6","key":"43344_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-004-0392-4","volume":"67","author":"S Mueller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mueller, S., Melnik, O., Spieler, O., Scheu, B. & Dingwell, D. B. Permeability and degassing of dome lavas undergoing rapid decompression: An experimental determination. Bull. Volcanol. 67(6), 526\u2013538 (2005).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"43344_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2004.09.025","volume":"228","author":"AC Rust","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rust, A. C. & Cashman, K. V. Permeability of vesicular silicic magma: Inertial and hysteresis effects. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 228(1\u20132), 93\u2013107 (2004).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"B6","key":"43344_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9073","DOI":"10.1029\/92JB00416","volume":"97","author":"JH Fink","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fink, J. H., Anderson, S. W. & Manley, C. R. Textural constraints on effusive silicic volcanism: beyond the permeable foam model. J. Geophys. Res. 97(B6), 9073\u20139083 (1992).","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"43344_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1130\/G19777.1","volume":"31","author":"H Tuffen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tuffen, H., Dingwell, D. B. & Pinkerton, H. Repeated fracture and healing of silicic magma generate flow banding and earthquakes? Geology 31(12), 1089\u20131092 (2003).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"43344_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302826","volume":"56","author":"HR Westrich","year":"1994","unstructured":"Westrich, H. R. & Eichelberger, J. C. Gas transport and bubble collapse in rhyolitic magma: An experimental approach. Bull. Volcanol. 56, 447\u2013458 (1994).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"issue":"7","key":"43344_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s004450100172","volume":"63","author":"JD Blower","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blower, J. D. Factors controlling permeability \u2013 porosity relationships in magma. Bull. Volcanol. 63(7), 497\u2013504 (2001).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"issue":"77","key":"43344_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"79","author":"J Vasseur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vasseur, J. & Wadsworth, F. B. Sphere models for pore geometry and fluid permeability in heterogeneous magmas. Bull. Volcanol. 79(77), 1\u20135 (2017).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"issue":"2","key":"43344_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.05.010","volume":"177","author":"S Takeuchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takeuchi, S., Nakashima, S. & Tomiya, A. Permeability measurements of natural and experimental volcanic materials with a simple permeameter: toward an understanding of magmatic degassing processes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 177(2), 1\u201311 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"43344_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.04.001","volume":"283","author":"S Takeuchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Takeuchi, S., Tomiya, A. & Shinohara, H. Degassing conditions for permeable silicic magmas: Implications from decompression experiments with constant rates. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 283(1\u20134), 101\u2013110 (2009).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"key":"43344_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.04.023","volume":"470","author":"A Burgisser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burgisser, A., Chevalier, L., Gardner, J. E. & Castro, J. M. The percolation threshold and permeability evolution of ascending magmas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 470, 37\u201347 (2017).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"6","key":"43344_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-008-0250-x","volume":"71","author":"C Bouvet de Maisonneuve","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bouvet de Maisonneuve, C., Bachmann, O. & Burgisser, A. Characterization of juvenile pyroclasts from the Kos Plateau Tuff (Aegean Arc): Insights into the eruptive dynamics of a large rhyolitic eruption. Bull. Volcanol. 71(6), 643\u2013658 (2009).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"key":"43344_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-004-0359-5","volume":"67","author":"A Burgisser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burgisser, A. & Gardner, J. E. Experimental constraints on degassing and permeability in volcanic conduit flow. Bull. Volcanol. 67, 42\u201356 (2004).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"issue":"12","key":"43344_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9825","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014783","volume":"122","author":"HM Gonnermann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonnermann, H. M. et al. Permeability during magma expansion and compaction. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth 122(12), 9825\u20139848 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"},{"key":"43344_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okumura, S., Nakamura, M., Tsuchiyama, A., Nakano, T., and Uesugi, K. Evolution of bubble microstructure in sheared rhyolite: Formation of a channel-like bubble network. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth, 113(B07208) (2008).","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005362"},{"issue":"L10312","key":"43344_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"32","author":"S Takeuchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takeuchi, S., Nakashima, S., Tomiya, A. & Shinohara, H. Experimental constraints on the low gas permeability of vesicular magma during decompression. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32(L10312), 1\u20135 (2005).","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"43344_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.02.036","volume":"281","author":"S Okumura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Okumura, S. et al. Magma deformation may induce non-explosive volcanism via degassing through bubble networks. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 281(3\u20134), 267\u2013274 (2009).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"43344_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011519","volume":"120","author":"PA Ashwell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ashwell, P. A. et al. Permeability of compacting porous lavas. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth 120(3), 1605\u20131622 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"},{"key":"43344_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2013.05.012","volume":"260","author":"JE Kendrick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kendrick, J. E. et al. Tracking the permeable porous network during strain-dependent magmatic flow. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 260, 117\u2013126 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research"},{"key":"43344_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.10.053","volume":"458","author":"AR Kushnir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kushnir, A. R., Martel, C., Champallier, R. & Arbaret, L. In situ confirmation of permeability development in shearing bubble-bearing melts and implications for volcanic outgassing. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 458, 315\u2013326 (2017).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"6173","key":"43344_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"A Lamur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lamur, A. et al. The permeability of fractured rocks in pressurised volcanic and geothermal systems. Sci. Rep. 7(6173), 1\u20139 (2017).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"43344_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1130\/G31803.1","volume":"39","author":"M Laumonier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laumonier, M., Arbaret, L., Burgisser, A. & Champallier, R. Porosity redistribution enhanced by strain localization in crystal-rich magmas. Geology 39(8), 715\u2013718 (2011).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"issue":"4","key":"43344_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1130\/G33948.1","volume":"41","author":"Y Lavall\u00e9e","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lavall\u00e9e, Y. et al. Reconstructing magma failure and the degassing network of domebuilding eruptions. Geology 41(4), 515\u2013518 (2013).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"issue":"B06201","key":"43344_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"115","author":"S Okumura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Okumura, S., Nakamura, M., Nakano, T., Uesugi, K. & Tsuchiyama, A. Shear deformation experiments on vesicular rhyolite: Implications for brittle fracturing, degassing, and compaction of magmas in volcanic conduits. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth 115(B06201), 1\u201310 (2010).","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"},{"key":"43344_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2015.11.035","volume":"435","author":"A Lindoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lindoo, A., Larsen, J. F., Cashman, K. V., Dunn, A. L. & Neill, O. K. An experimental study of permeability development as a function of crystal-free melt viscosity. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 435, 45\u201354 (2016).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"32","key":"43344_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"82","author":"M Colombier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colombier, M. et al. In situ observation of the percolation threshold in multiphase magma analogues. Bull. Volcanol. 82(32), 1\u201315 (2020).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"key":"43344_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, L., Baker, D.R., Polacci, M., Hill, R.J. In-situ degassing study on crystal-bearing Stromboli basaltic magmas: Implications for Stromboli explosions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (L17309) (2011).","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048540"},{"issue":"9","key":"43344_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1130\/G39157.1","volume":"45","author":"A Lindoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lindoo, A., Larsen, J. F., Cashman, K. V. & Oppenheimer, J. Crystal controls on permeability development and degassing in basaltic andesite magma. Geology 45(9), 831\u2013834 (2017).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"43344_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.01.011","volume":"462","author":"M Colombier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colombier, M. et al. The evolution of pore connectivity in volcanic rocks. Earth Planetary Sci. Lett. 462, 99\u2013109 (2017).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"43344_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GC008006","volume":"20","author":"T Giachetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giachetti, T. et al. Bubble coalescence and percolation threshold in expanding rhyolitic magma. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 20(2), 1054\u20131074 (2019).","journal-title":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems"},{"issue":"1","key":"43344_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900256","volume":"26","author":"MO Saar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Saar, M. O. & Manga, M. Permeability-porosity relationship in vesicular basalts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26(1), 111\u2013114 (1999).","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"43344_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2134","volume":"3","author":"DR Baker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baker, D. R. et al. A four-dimensional X-ray tomographic microscopy study of bubble growth in basaltic foam. Nature Commun. 3, 1\u20138 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"43344_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.03.016","volume":"297","author":"J Farquharson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farquharson, J., Heap, M. J., Varley, N. R., Baud, P. & Reuschl\u00e9, T. Permeability and porosity relationships of edifice-forming andesites: A combined field and laboratory study. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 297, 52\u201368 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"43344_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s004450050128","volume":"58","author":"C Klug","year":"1996","unstructured":"Klug, C. & Cashman, K. V. Permeability development in vesiculating magmas: Implications for fragmentation. Bull. Volcanol. 58(2\u20133), 87\u2013100 (1996).","journal-title":"Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"issue":"8","key":"43344_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1130\/G35593.1","volume":"42","author":"CT Nguyen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nguyen, C. T., Gonnermann, H. M. & Houghton, B. F. Explosive to effusive transition during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century (Novarupta 1912, Alaska). Geology 42(8), 703\u2013706 (2014).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"43344_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.01.023","volume":"280","author":"HM Wright","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wright, H. M., Cashman, K. V., Gottesfeld, E. H. & Roberts, J. J. Pore structure of volcanic clasts: Measurements of permeability and electrical conductivity. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 280(1\u20134), 93\u2013104 (2009).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"key":"43344_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, A. Permeability-porosity relationship: A reexamination of the Kozeny-Carman equation based on a fractal pore-space geometry assumption. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(2) (2006).","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025134"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"43344_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(98)00043-2","volume":"84","author":"DL Sahagian","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sahagian, D. L. & Proussevitch, A. A. 3D particle size distributions from 2D observations: stereology for natural applications. J. Volcanol.  Geotherm. Res. 84(3\u20134), 173\u2013196 (1998).","journal-title":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research"},{"key":"43344_CR56","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Forecasting and Planning for Volcanic Hazards, Risks, and Disasters","author":"Y Lavall\u00e9e","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lavall\u00e9e, Y. & Kendrick, J. E. A review of the physical and mechanical properties of volcanic rocks and magmas in the brittle and ductile regimes. In Forecasting and Planning for Volcanic Hazards, Risks, and Disasters Vol. 2 (ed. Papale, P.) 153\u2013238 (Elsevier, 2020)."},{"issue":"3","key":"43344_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-017-0983-0","volume":"121","author":"SM Rezaei Niya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rezaei Niya, S. M. & Selvadurai, A. P. S. A Statistical Correlation Between Permeability, Porosity, Tortuosity and Conductance. Transp. Porous Med. 121(3), 741\u2013752 (2018).","journal-title":"Transport in Porous Media"},{"issue":"7","key":"43344_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-002-0230-5","volume":"64","author":"C Klug","year":"2002","unstructured":"Klug, C., Cashman, K. & Bacon, C. Structure and physical characteristics of pumice from the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama (Crater Lake). Oregon. Bull. Volcanol. 64(7), 486\u2013501 (2002).","journal-title":"Oregon. Bulletin of Volcanology"},{"key":"43344_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2017.00046","volume":"5","author":"FW von Aulock","year":"2017","unstructured":"von Aulock, F. W., Kennedy, B. M., Maksimenko, A., Wadsworth, F. B. & Lavall\u00e9e, Y. Outgassing from open and closed magma foams. Front. Earth Sci. 5, 1\u20137 (2017).","journal-title":"Frontiers in Earth Science"},{"key":"43344_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver, J., Lavall\u00e9e, Y., Ashraf, M., Kendrick, J. E., Lamur, A., Schauroth, J., Wadsworth, F. B. Vesiculation and densification of pyroclasts: A clast-size dependent competition between bubble growth and diffusive outgassing. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 428 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2022.107550"},{"key":"43344_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seropian, G., Kennedy, B. M., Kendrick, J. E., Lavall\u00e9e, Y., Nichols, A. R., von Aulock, F.W., Dingwell, D. B., Hess, K. U., Lamur, A., Schauroth, J., Vasseur, J., Wadsworth, F. B. Vesiculation of rhyolitic melts under oscillatory pressure. Front. Earth Sci. 10 (2022). .","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.812311"},{"key":"43344_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2015.03.025","volume":"420","author":"M Cassidy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cassidy, M. et al. Rapid and slow: Varying magma ascent rates as a mechanism for Vulcanian explosions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 420, 73\u201384 (2015).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"2839","key":"43344_CR63","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"M Cassidy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cassidy, M., Manga, M., Cashman, K. & Bachmann, O. Controls on explosive-effusive volcanic eruption styles. Nature Commun. 9(2839), 1\u201316 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"43344_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08458","volume":"461","author":"JM Castro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castro, J. M. & Dingwell, D. B. Rapid ascent of rhyolitic magma at Chait\u00e9n volcano, Chile. Nature 461, 780\u2013783 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"43344_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.39.050905.110207","volume":"39","author":"HM Gonnermann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gonnermann, H. M. & Manga, M. The fluid mechanics inside a volcano. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 39, 321\u2013356 (2007).","journal-title":"Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics"},{"key":"43344_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.04.024","volume":"333\u2013334","author":"JM Castro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Castro, J. M. et al. The role of melt-fracture degassing in defusing explosive rhyolite eruptions at volc\u00e1n Chait\u00e9n. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 333\u2013334, 63\u201369 (2012).","journal-title":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters"},{"issue":"41","key":"43344_CR67","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"JE Kendrick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kendrick, J. E. et al. Blowing off steam: Tuffisite formation as a regulator for lava dome eruptions. Front. Earth Sci. 4(41), 1\u201315 (2016).","journal-title":"Frontiers in Earth Science"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"43344_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(01)00375-8","volume":"99","author":"E. Hauri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hauri, E. et al. SIMS analysis of volatiles in silicate glasses 1. Calibration, matrix effects and comparisons with FTIR. Chem. Geol. 99 (1-4), 99\u2013114 (2002).","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"43344_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamur, A., Lavall\u00e9e, Y., Iddon, F.E., Hornby, A.J., Kendrick, J.E., Von Aulock, F.W., Wadsworth, F.B. Disclosing the temperature of columnar jointing in lavas. Nat. Commun. 9(1) (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03842-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"43344_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1063\/1.467624","volume":"101","author":"KS Pitzer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pitzer, K. S. & Sterner, S. M. Equations of state valid continuously from zero to extreme pressures for H2O and CO2. J. Chem. Phys. 101(4), 3111\u20133116 (1994).","journal-title":"The Journal of Chemical Physics"},{"key":"43344_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allabar, A., Dobson, K.\u00a0J., Bauer, C.\u00a0C., and Nowak, M. Vesicle shrinkage in hydrous phonolitic melt during cooling. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 175(3) (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00410-020-1658-3"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43344-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43344-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43344-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:47:39Z","timestamp":1781642859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43344-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-43344-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9838"}}