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However, subjective surveys lack spatial scalability, while objective machine learning often fails to capture the complexity of human perceptual experiences. To address this gap, this study proposes a hybrid framework based on Vision Language Models (VLMs) and human experiences to assess the restorative quality of urban spaces. Using Shenzhen, China as a case study, we gathered subjective and objective knowledge from PRS-11 surveys and ChatGPT-4 descriptions of 566 street view images, incorporating this into VLM prompts via the Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) model. Through prompt engineering, the VLM evaluated 2,224 additional images, with semantic networks analyzing the decision-making process. Results demonstrate that: (1) our method significantly outperformed Random Forest, with an R\u00b2 increase of 0.535 attributed to prior knowledge fusion; (2) restorative quality exhibits spatial heterogeneity, clustering in developed districts near park and coastal zones; and (3) semantic network analysis further revealed the decision rationales of VLMs across different restorative dimensions, providing design guidelines for low restorative quality spaces. This research offers a novel methodology for assessing restorative quality of urban spaces, providing practical tools for sustainable development and human mental well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43360-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T20:16:10Z","timestamp":1775420170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Measuring the psychological restorative quality of urban spaces: a vision language model-based method"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5550-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoran","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8602-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Po","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"43360_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00869-3","volume":"402","author":"R Rugulies","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rugulies, R. et al. 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