{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:29:53Z","timestamp":1791829793732,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008638","name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Evidence for the social modulation of reproduction in vertebrates is established but poorly defined for many taxa despite the link between social cues and endocrine function. It is unclear if physiological effects, such as increased sex hormone concentration or gamete maturation, impact reproductive outcomes, such as fertilization rates or viability of offspring. We investigated the effect of conspecific signals on the calling behaviour, reproductive output, and gonadal gene expression in the boreal chorus frogs (\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudacris maculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Using breeding trials in a captive setting, we found that broadcasts of conspecific calls nearly doubled the duration of calling activity and increased the proportion of viable eggs by over 13%. We then used RNA-sequencing techniques to demonstrate exposure to broadcasts of chorus behaviour increased the expression of genes associated with steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, and gonadal development in the male chorus frogs within 6\u00a0h. Several gene pathways were similarly affected in the male chorus frogs receiving hormone injections to induce sperm development and release, implying there are parallels in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis stimulation induced by reception of conspecific cues and hormonal induction. We provide some of the first evidence of amphibian social signals causing rapid molecular changes linked to fertility regulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43613-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T04:49:08Z","timestamp":1773204548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reception of conspecific cues alters testicular gene expression and improves fertility in boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Ethier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyojin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vance L.","family":"Trudeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"43613_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumpter, J. P. General Concepts of Seasonal Reproduction. in Reproductive Seasonality in Teleosts: Environmental Influences (eds Munro, A. D., Scott, A. P. & Lam, T. J.) 13\u201331 (CRC Press, 1990).","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367811372-2"},{"key":"43613_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rastogi, R. K., Pinelli, C., Polese, G., D\u2019Aniello, B. & Chieffi-Baccari, G. Chapter 9 - Hormones and reproductive cycles in anuran amphibians. in Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 2 (Second Edition) (eds Norris, D. O. & Lopez, K. H.) 219\u2013233 (Academic Press, 2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-443-16020-2.00014-0","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-16020-2.00014-0"},{"key":"43613_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaa096","volume":"60","author":"E Tolla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tolla, E. & Stevenson, T. J. Sex Differences and the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Seasonal Reproduction by Supplementary Environmental Cues. Integr. Comp. Biol. 60, 1506\u20131516 (2020).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"43613_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Woodley, S. K. & Leary, C. J. Chapter 8 - Hormones and reproductive behavior in amphibians. in Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 2 (Second Edition) (eds Norris, D. O. & Lopez, K. H.) 179\u2013217 (Academic Press, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-443-16020-2.00004-8","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-16020-2.00004-8"},{"key":"43613_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00032.2011","volume":"26","author":"KP Maruska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maruska, K. P. & Fernald, R. D. Social Regulation of Gene Expression in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis. Physiology 26, 412\u2013423 (2011).","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"43613_CR6","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians","author":"KD Wells","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wells, K. D. & Schwartz, J. J. The Behavioral Ecology of Anuran Communication. in Hearing and Sound Communication in Amphibians (eds (eds Nairns, P. M., Feng, A. S., Fay, R. R. & Popper, A. N.) 44\u201386 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, (2007)."},{"key":"43613_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.01.001","volume":"252","author":"VS Arch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arch, V. S. & Narins, P. M. Sexual hearing: The influence of sex hormones on acoustic communication in frogs. Hear. Res. 252, 15\u201320 (2009).","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"43613_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.08.021","volume":"20","author":"W Wilczynski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilczynski, W. & Ryan, M. J. The behavioral neuroscience of anuran social signal processing. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 754\u2013763 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"43613_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26597-1_3","volume-title":"Hearing and Hormones","author":"W Wilczynski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilczynski, W. & Burmeister, S. S. Effects of Steroid Hormones on Hearing and Communication in Frogs. in Hearing and Hormones (eds (eds Bass, A. H., Sisneros, J. A., Popper, A. N. & Fay, R. R.) 53\u201375 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-26597-1_3. (2016)."},{"key":"43613_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hall, I. C. & Kelley, D. B. Endocrine modulation of acoustic communication: Xenopus laevis as a model system. in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Animal Vocalization (eds Rosenfeld, C. S. & Hoffmann, F.) 81\u2013100 (Academic Press, 2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-815160-0.00009-8","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815160-0.00009-8"},{"key":"43613_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.11.008","volume":"1190","author":"SS Burmeister","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burmeister, S. S., Mangiamele, L. A. & Lebonville, C. L. Acoustic modulation of immediate early gene expression in the auditory midbrain of female t\u00fangara frogs. Brain Res. 1190, 105\u2013114 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"43613_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000171481","volume":"72","author":"LA Mangiamele","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mangiamele, L. A. & Burmeister, S. S. Acoustically Evoked Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Pallium of Female T\u00fangara Frogs. Brain Behav. Evol. 72, 239\u2013250 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"43613_CR13","first-page":"88","volume":"12","author":"L Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao, L. et al. Behavioral and Neurogenomic Responses to Acoustic and Visual Sexual Cues are Correlated in Female Torrent Frogs. Asian Herpetological Res. 12, 88\u201399 (2021). 99A-99B.","journal-title":"Asian Herpetological Res."},{"key":"43613_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2000.1605","volume":"38","author":"SS Burmeister","year":"2000","unstructured":"Burmeister, S. S. & Wilczynski, W. Social Signals Influence Hormones Independently of Calling Behavior in the Treefrog (Hyla cinerea). Horm. Behav. 38, 201\u2013209 (2000).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"43613_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.2000.7563","volume":"121","author":"J Chu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chu, J. & Wilczynski, W. Social Influences on Androgen Levels in the Southern Leopard Frog, Rana sphenocephala. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 121, 66\u201373 (2001).","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"43613_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00613744","volume":"140","author":"J Brzoska","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brzoska, J. & Obert, H. J. Acoustic signals influencing the hormone production of the testes in the grass frog. J. Comp. Physiol. 140, 25\u201329 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"43613_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ethier, J. P., Habib, N., Mazerolle, M. J. & Trudeau, V. L. Warm spring weather alters calling phenology of four sympatric early-breeding anurans. Integrative Zoology (under review: INZ-2025-08-448.R1) (2026).","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70090"},{"key":"43613_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00613744","volume":"140","author":"J Brzoska","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brzoska, J. & Obert, H. J. Acoustic signals influencing the hormone production of the testes in the grass frog. J. Comp. Physiol. 140, 25\u201329 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"43613_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trudeau, V. L. Somoza, G.M., Natale, G.S. et al. Hormonal induction of spawning in 4 species of frogs by coinjection with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and a dopamine antagonist. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 8, 36 (2010).","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-36"},{"key":"43613_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-14","volume":"11","author":"VL Trudeau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trudeau, V. L., Schueler, F.W., Navarro-Martin, L. et al. Efficient induction of spawning of Northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) during and outside the natural breeding season. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 11, 14 (2013).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"43613_CR21","first-page":"383","volume":"272","author":"JR Waas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Waas, J. R., Colgan, P. W. & Boag, P. T. Playback of colony sound alters the breeding schedule and clutch size in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) colonies. Proc. Biol. Sci. 272, 383\u2013388 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"43613_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2006.01195.x","volume":"112","author":"S Leitner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leitner, S., Marshall, R. C., Leisler, B. & Catchpole, C. K. Male Song Quality, Egg Size and Offspring Sex in Captive Canaries (Serinus canaria). Ethology 112, 554\u2013563 (2006).","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"43613_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arp178","volume":"21","author":"DJ White","year":"2010","unstructured":"White, D. J., King, A. P., West, M. J., Gros-Louis, J. & Tuttle, E. M. Effects of singing on copulation success and egg production in brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater. Behav. Ecol. 21, 211\u2013218 (2010).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"43613_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000081108","volume":"65","author":"SS Burmeister","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burmeister, S. S. & Wilczynski, W. Social Signals Regulate Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in the Green Treefrog. Brain Behav. Evol. 65, 26\u201332 (2005).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"43613_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2005.06.001","volume":"48","author":"W Wilczynski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilczynski, W., Lynch, K. S. & O\u2019Bryant, E. L. Current research in amphibians: Studies integrating endocrinology, behavior, and neurobiology. Horm. Behav. 48, 440\u2013450 (2005).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"43613_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1604","volume":"61","author":"J Lea","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lea, J., Dyson, M. & Halliday, T. Calling by male midwife toads stimulates females to maintain reproductive condition. Anim. Behav. 61, 373\u2013377 (2001).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"43613_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.01.010","volume":"90","author":"E Iimori","year":"2005","unstructured":"Iimori, E., D\u2019Occhio, M. J., Lisle, A. T. & Johnston, S. D. Testosterone secretion and pharmacological spermatozoal recovery in the cane toad (Bufo marinus). Anim. Reprod. Sci. 90, 163\u2013173 (2005).","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"43613_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0301","volume":"21","author":"K Evaul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Evaul, K., Jamnongjit, M., Bhagavath, B. & Hammes, S. R. Testosterone and Progesterone Rapidly Attenuate Plasma Membrane G\u03b2\u03b3-Mediated Signaling in Xenopus laevis Oocytes by Signaling through Classical Steroid Receptors. Mol. Endocrinol. 21, 186\u2013196 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"43613_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2008.11.010","volume":"74","author":"J Deng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Deng, J. et al. Nongenomic steroid-triggered oocyte maturation: Of mice and frogs. Steroids 74, 595\u2013601 (2009).","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"43613_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00584-1","volume":"197","author":"Y Zohar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zohar, Y. & Mylonas, C. C. Endocrine manipulations of spawning in cultured fish: from hormones to genes. Aquaculture 197, 99\u2013136 (2001).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"43613_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034","volume":"432","author":"E Cabrita","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cabrita, E. et al. Factors enhancing fish sperm quality and emerging tools for sperm analysis. Aquaculture 432, 389\u2013401 (2014).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"43613_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2213-9","volume":"363","author":"LHC Assis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Assis, L. H. C. et al. INSL3 stimulates spermatogonial differentiation in testis of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Cell. Tissue Res. 363, 579\u2013588 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Res."},{"key":"43613_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.108969","volume":"88","author":"R Ivell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ivell, R., Wade, J. D. & Anand-Ivell, R. INSL3 as a Biomarker of Leydig Cell Functionality1. Biol. Reprod. 88, 147, 1\u20138 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"43613_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866527666200925105739","volume":"27","author":"P Facondo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Facondo, P., Delbarba, A., Maffezzoni, F., Cappelli, C. & Ferlin, A. INSL3: A Marker of Leydig Cell Function and Testis-Bone-Skeletal Muscle Network. Protein Pept. Lett. 27, 1246\u20131252 (2020).","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"43613_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308025101","volume":"101","author":"W Yan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yan, W., Ma, L., Burns, K. H. & Matzuk, M. M. Haploinsufficiency of kelch-like protein homolog 10 causes infertility in male mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 7793\u20137798 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"43613_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/83.s1.177","volume":"83","author":"Q Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Song, R. & Yan, W. SPATA3 and SPATA6 Interact with KLHL10 and Participate in Spermatogenesis. Biol. Reprod. 83, 177 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"43613_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111261","volume":"528","author":"SD Burris-Hiday","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burris-Hiday, S. D. & Scott, E. E. Steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1 structure and function. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 528, 111261 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"43613_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0418","volume":"19","author":"Y Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Haploinsufficiency of Cytochrome P450 17\u03b1-Hydroxylase\/17,20 Lyase (CYP17) Causes Infertility in Male Mice. Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 2380\u20132389 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"43613_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2008.04.019","volume":"158","author":"K Maruo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maruo, K., Suda, M., Yokoyama, S., Oshima, Y. & Nakamura, M. Steroidogenic gene expression during sex determination in the frog Rana rugosa. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 158, 87\u201394 (2008).","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"43613_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12040578","volume":"12","author":"\u00c1S Roco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roco, \u00c1. S., Ruiz-Garc\u00eda, A. & Bullejos, M. Testis Development and Differentiation in Amphibians. Genes 12, 578 (2021).","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"43613_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091486","volume":"17","author":"G Manku","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manku, G. & Culty, M. Regulation of Translocator Protein 18\u00a0kDa (TSPO) Expression in Rat and Human Male Germ Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 1486 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"43613_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12500","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12500","volume":"30","author":"V Papadopoulos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, V., Fan, J. & Zirkin, B. Translocator protein (18\u00a0kDa): an update on its function in steroidogenesis. J. Neuroendocrinol. 30, e12500 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"43613_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.12.006","volume":"218","author":"R Mindnich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mindnich, R., M\u00f6ller, G. & Adamski, J. The role of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 218, 7\u201320 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"43613_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2015.08.011","volume":"103","author":"M Culty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Culty, M., Liu, Y., Manku, G., Chan, W. Y. & Papadopoulos, V. Expression of steroidogenesis-related genes in murine male germ cells. Steroids 103, 105\u2013114 (2015).","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"43613_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800136","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800136","volume":"18","author":"J Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu, J. et al. The Adrenal Lipid Droplet is a New Site for Steroid Hormone Metabolism. PROTEOMICS 18, 1800136 (2018).","journal-title":"PROTEOMICS"},{"key":"43613_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2007.00827.x","volume":"37","author":"DY Lu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lu, D. Y., Li, Y., Bi, Z. W., Yu, H. M. & Li, X. J. Expression and Immunohistochemical Localization of Aquaporin-1 in Male Reproductive Organs of the Mouse. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 37, 1\u20138 (2008).","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"43613_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.108222","volume":"679","author":"DF Carrageta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carrageta, D. F. et al. Aquaporins and male (in)fertility: Expression and role throughout the male reproductive tract. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 679, 108222 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"43613_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13136","volume":"71","author":"BA Buzatto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buzatto, B. A., Thyer, E. M., Roberts, J. D. & Simmons, L. W. Sperm competition and the evolution of precopulatory weapons: Testis size and amplexus position, but not arm strength, affect fertilization success in a chorusing frog. Evol 71, 329\u2013341 (2017).","journal-title":"Evol"},{"key":"43613_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-021-03119-9","volume":"76","author":"SR Kelleher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelleher, S. R. et al. Multiple phenotypic traits predict male mating success in a critically endangered frog. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 76, 40 (2022).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"43613_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14160","volume":"75","author":"PG Byrne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Byrne, P. G., Keogh, J. S., O\u2019Brien, D. M., Gaitan-Espitia, J. D. & Silla, A. J. Evidence that genetic compatibility underpins female mate choice in a monandrous amphibian. Evol 75, 529\u2013541 (2021).","journal-title":"Evol"},{"key":"43613_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodd, C. Jr Johns Hopkins University Press,. Pseudacris maculata. in Frogs of the United States and Canada (ed. Dodd Jr., C.) 357\u2013370 (2023).","DOI":"10.56021\/9781421444925"},{"key":"43613_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-021-00425-w","volume":"18","author":"JP Ethier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ethier, J. P. et al. Life history traits and reproductive ecology of North American chorus frogs of the genus Pseudacris (Hylidae). Front. Zool. 18, 40 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"43613_CR53","first-page":"183","volume":"16","author":"KL Gosner","year":"1960","unstructured":"Gosner, K. L. A Simplified Table for Staging Anuran Embryos and Larvae with Notes on Identification. Herpetologica 16, 183\u2013190 (1960).","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"43613_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denver, R. J. Chapter Seven - Neuroendocrinology of Amphibian Metamorphosis. in Current Topics in Developmental Biology (ed Shi, Y. B.) vol. 103 195\u2013227 (Academic Press, 2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385979-2.00007-1"},{"key":"43613_CR55","unstructured":"Zeileis, A. et al. betareg: Beta Regression. (2025)."},{"key":"43613_CR56","unstructured":"Mazerolle, M. J. & AICcmodavg Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Based on (Q)AIC(c). (2025)."},{"key":"43613_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/0266476042000214501","volume":"31","author":"S Ferrari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferrari, S. & Cribari-Neto, F. Beta Regression for Modelling Rates and Proportions. J. Appl. Stat. 31, 799\u2013815 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"43613_CR58","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1988)."},{"key":"43613_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arh107","volume":"15","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S. A farewell to Bonferroni: The problems of low statistical power and publication bias. Behav. Ecol. 15, 1044\u20131045 (2004).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"43613_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","volume":"17","author":"M Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martin, M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J. 17, 10\u201312 (2011).","journal-title":"EMBnet J."},{"key":"43613_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1883","volume":"29","author":"MG Grabherr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grabherr, M. G. et al. Trinity: reconstructing a full-length transcriptome without a genome from RNA-Seq data. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 644 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"43613_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J. Roy. Stat. Soc.: Ser. B (Methodol.). 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc.: Ser. B (Methodol.)"},{"key":"43613_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D353","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1092","volume":"45","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M., Sato, Y. & Morishima, K. KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, D353\u2013D361 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"43613_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","volume":"12","author":"B Buchfink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buchfink, B., Xie, C. & Huson, D. H. Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND. Nat. Methods. 12, 59\u201360 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"43613_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","volume":"14","author":"R Patro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patro, R., Duggal, G., Love, M. I., Irizarry, R. A. & Kingsford, C. Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression. Nat. Methods. 14, 417\u2013420 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"43613_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1226","volume":"5","author":"A Mortazavi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mortazavi, A., Williams, B. A., McCue, K., Schaeffer, L. & Wold, B. Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq. Nat. Methods. 5, 621\u2013628 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"43613_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","volume":"26","author":"MD Robinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robinson, M. D., McCarthy, D. J. & Smyth, G. K. edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics 26, 139\u2013140 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"43613_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.207","volume":"30","author":"R Edgar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Edgar, R., Domrachev, M. & Lash, A. E. Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI gene expression and hybridization array data repository. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 207\u2013210 (2002).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43613-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43613-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43613-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:52:26Z","timestamp":1781639546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43613-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-43613-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13073"}}