{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:55:16Z","timestamp":1777949716237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"N.H. was supported by the Rachadapisek Sompote Matching Fund of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University","award":["RA-MF-04\/68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA-MF-04\/68"]}]},{"name":"the Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund of Chulalongkorn University","award":["Grant no.7750\/2567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant no.7750\/2567"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43648-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:39:35Z","timestamp":1773797975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HLA\u2009\u2212\u2009C*03:02:02 and DPA1*01:03:01 protect against discoid rash in Thai Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Seik-Soon","family":"Khor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nattiya","family":"Hirankarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Punna","family":"Kunhapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surakameth","family":"Mahasirimongkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prapaporn","family":"Pisitkun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakris","family":"Eu-Ahsunthornwattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wichai","family":"Aekplakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natini","family":"Jinawath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nareemarn","family":"Neelapaichit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pattarin","family":"Tangtanatakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10441","key":"43648_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00398-2","volume":"403","author":"A Hoi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoi, A., Igel, T., Mok, C. C. & Arnaud, L. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 403(10441), 2326\u20132338 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"43648_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8077.2006.00235.x","volume":"9","author":"J Thumboo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thumboo, J. & Wee, H.-L. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia: Is it more common and more severe?. APLAR J. Rheumatol. 9(4), 320\u2013326 (2006).","journal-title":"APLAR J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"43648_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/745647","volume":"2015","author":"F Ceccarelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ceccarelli, F. et al. Genetic factors in systemic lupus erythematosus: contribution to Disease Phenotype. J. Immunol. Res. 2015, 745647 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"43648_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2025-001621","author":"P Pongkulkiat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pongkulkiat, P., Foocharoen, C., Onchan, T., Suwannaroj, S. & Mahakkanukrauh, A. Prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Thailand based on national health data. Lupus. Sci. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2025-001621 (2025).","journal-title":"Lupus. Sci. Med."},{"key":"43648_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16021","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16021","volume":"8","author":"CD Langefeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langefeld, C. D. et al. Transancestral mapping and genetic load in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Commun. 8, 16021 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"43648_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21049-y","volume":"12","author":"YF Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y. F. et al. Identification of 38 novel loci for systemic lupus erythematosus and genetic heterogeneity between ancestral groups. Nat. Commun. 12(1), 772 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"43648_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3603","volume":"48","author":"DL Morris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris, D. L. et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis in Chinese and European individuals identifies ten new loci associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Genet. 48(8), 940\u2013946 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"12","key":"43648_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3434","volume":"47","author":"J Bentham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bentham, J. et al. Genetic association analyses implicate aberrant regulation of innate and adaptive immunity genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Genet. 47(12), 1457\u20131464 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"43648_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-005-0073-1","volume":"118","author":"YH Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee, Y. H. & Nath, S. K. Systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility loci defined by genome scan meta-analysis. Hum. Genet. 118(3\u20134), 434\u2013443 (2005).","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"issue":"25","key":"43648_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14875","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14875","volume":"95","author":"PM Gaffney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gaffney, P. M. et al. A genome-wide search for susceptibility genes in human systemic lupus erythematosus sib-pair families. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95(25), 14875\u201314879 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"4","key":"43648_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39504","volume":"68","author":"ME Alarcon-Riquelme","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alarcon-Riquelme, M. E. et al. Genome-wide association study in an Amerindian ancestry population reveals novel systemic lupus erythematosus risk loci and the role of European admixture. Arthritis. Rheumatol. (Hoboken) 68(4), 932\u2013943 (2016).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheumatol. (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"43648_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02276-y","volume":"22","author":"P Tangtanatakul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tangtanatakul, P. et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association study identifies FBN2 as a novel locus associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Thai population. Arthritis. Res. Ther. 22(1), 185 (2020).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Res. Ther."},{"key":"43648_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawasaki, A., Kusumawati, P. A., Kawamura, Y., Kondo, Y., Kusaoi, M., Amano, H. et al. Genetic dissection of HLA-DRB1*15:01 and XL9 region variants in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: primary role for HLA-DRB1*15:01. RMD Open. 9(2), (2023).","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003214"},{"issue":"3","key":"43648_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1086\/342290","volume":"71","author":"RR Graham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Graham, R. R. et al. Visualizing human leukocyte antigen class II risk haplotypes in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71(3), 543\u2013553 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"issue":"4","key":"43648_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000024","volume":"4","author":"MM Fernando","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fernando, M. M. et al. Defining the role of the MHC in autoimmunity: a review and pooled analysis. PLoS. Genet. 4(4), e1000024 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS. Genet."},{"key":"43648_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948723","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/948723","volume":"2015","author":"A Bettencourt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bettencourt, A. et al. The protective role of HLA-DRB1( *)13 in autoimmune diseases. J. Immunol. Res. 2015, 948723 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"43648_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200001)43:1<129::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"43","author":"MJ Rood","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rood, M. J. et al. TNF-308A and HLA-DR3 alleles contribute independently to susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis. Rheum. 43(1), 129\u2013134 (2000).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"issue":"7","key":"43648_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199807)41:7<1161::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"41","author":"JD Reveille","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reveille, J. D. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: I. The effects of HLA class II, C4, and CR1 alleles, socioeconomic factors, and ethnicity at disease onset. LUMINA Study Group. Lupus in minority populations, nature versus nurture. Arthritis. Rheum. 41(7), 1161\u20131172 (1998).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"issue":"3","key":"43648_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339600500304","volume":"5","author":"J Granados","year":"1996","unstructured":"Granados, J. et al. The role of HLA-DR alleles and complotypes through the ethnic barrier in systemic lupus erythematosus in Mexicans. Lupus 5(3), 184\u2013189 (1996).","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"6","key":"43648_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400619","volume":"40","author":"LY Lu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lu, L. Y. et al. Molecular analysis of major histocompatibility complex allelic associations with systemic lupus erythematosus in Taiwan. Arthritis. Rheum. 40(6), 1138\u20131145 (1997).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"issue":"4","key":"43648_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749409103059","volume":"23","author":"H Hashimoto","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hashimoto, H. et al. HLA antigens in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 23(4), 191\u2013196 (1994).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"43648_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2011.05.001","volume":"139","author":"Y Mohd-Yusuf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mohd-Yusuf, Y., Phipps, M. E., Chow, S. K. & Yeap, S. S. HLA-A*11 and novel associations in Malays and Chinese with systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol. Lett. 139(1\u20132), 68\u201372 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"43648_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2002.590206.x","volume":"59","author":"M Sirikong","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sirikong, M. et al. Association of HLA-DRB1*1502-DQB1*0501 haplotype with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Thais. Tissue Antigens 59(2), 113\u2013117 (2002).","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"issue":"2","key":"43648_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2012.01145.x","volume":"40","author":"W Louthrenoo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Louthrenoo, W. et al. The genetic contribution of HLA-DRB5*01:01 to systemic lupus erythematosus in Thailand. Int. J. Immunogenet. 40(2), 126\u2013130 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"issue":"9","key":"43648_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40930","volume":"71","author":"M Aringer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aringer, M. et al. 2019 European league against rheumatism\/American college of rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis. Rheumatol. 71(9), 1400\u20131412 (2019).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheumatol."},{"key":"43648_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","volume":"4","author":"CC Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, C. C. et al. Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. Gigascience 4, 7 (2015).","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"2","key":"43648_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2013.18","volume":"14","author":"X Zheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zheng, X. et al. HIBAG\u2013HLA genotype imputation with attribute bagging. Pharmacogenomics. J. 14(2), 192\u2013200 (2014).","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics. J."},{"key":"43648_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2015.4","author":"S-S Khor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khor, S.-S. et al. High-accuracy imputation for {HLA} class I and {II} genes based on high-resolution {SNP} data of population-specific references. Pharmacogenomics. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tpj.2015.4 (2015).","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"43648_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-020-0156-3","volume":"20","author":"YH Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, Y. H. et al. A high-resolution HLA imputation system for the Taiwanese population: a study of the Taiwan Biobank. Pharmacogenomics. J. 20(5), 695\u2013704 (2020).","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics. J."},{"key":"43648_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8546-3_11","volume":"1802","author":"X Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng, X. Imputation-based HLA typing with SNPs in GWAS studies. Methods. Mol Biol. 1802, 163\u2013176 (2018).","journal-title":"Methods. Mol Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"43648_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2015.12.006","volume":"77","author":"DJ Pappas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pappas, D. J., Marin, W., Hollenbach, J. A. & Mack, S. J. Bridging immunogenomic data analysis workflow gaps (BIGDAWG): an integrated case-control analysis pipeline. Hum. Immunol. 77(3), 283\u2013287 (2016).","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"43648_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.598665","volume":"7","author":"M Selvaraja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selvaraja, M., Chin, V. K., Abdullah, M., Arip, M. & Amin-Nordin, S. HLA-DRB1(*)04 as a risk allele to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis in the Malay population of Malaysia. Front. Med (Lausanne). 7, 598665 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Med (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"1","key":"43648_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/rai2.12023","volume":"2","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Association between HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus in Han population in China. Rheumatol. & Autoimmun. 2(1), 31\u201339 (2022).","journal-title":"Rheumatol. & Autoimmun."},{"issue":"4","key":"43648_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02391.x","volume":"32","author":"A Lopez-Tello","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lopez-Tello, A. et al. Association of HLA-DRB1*16 with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in Mexican mestizo patients. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 32(4), 435\u2013438 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"43648_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00078","volume":"11","author":"P Satapornpong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Satapornpong, P. et al. Genetic diversity of HLA class I and class II alleles in Thai populations: Contribution to genotype-guided therapeutics. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 78 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"43648_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2021-000554","author":"M Selvaraja","year":"2022","unstructured":"Selvaraja, M. et al. Human leucocyte antigens profiling in Malay female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: are we the same or different?. Lupus. Sci. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2021-000554 (2022).","journal-title":"Lupus. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"43648_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.10.1017","volume":"62","author":"E Endreffy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Endreffy, E., Kovacs, A., Kovacs, L. & Pokorny, G. HLA class II allele polymorphism in Hungarian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 62(10), 1017\u20131018 (2003).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"43648_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39539","volume":"68","author":"SY Bang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bang, S. Y. et al. Brief report: Influence of HLA-DRB1 susceptibility alleles on the clinical subphenotypes of systemic lupus erythematosus in Koreans. Arthritis. Rheumatol. 68(5), 1190\u20131196 (2016).","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"43648_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203308101955","volume":"18","author":"CF Pan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pan, C. F. et al. Molecular analysis of HLA-DRB1 allelic associations with systemic lupus erythematous and lupus nephritis in Taiwan. Lupus 18(8), 698\u2013704 (2009).","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"6","key":"43648_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.14793","volume":"100","author":"W Louthrenoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Louthrenoo, W. et al. Association of HLA-DRB1*15:02:01, DQB1*05:01:24 and DPB1*13:01:01 in Thai patients with systemic sclerosis. HLA 100(6), 563\u2013581 (2022).","journal-title":"HLA"},{"issue":"13","key":"43648_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309346653","volume":"18","author":"N Agmon-Levin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agmon-Levin, N., Blank, M., Paz, Z. & Shoenfeld, Y. Molecular mimicry in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 18(13), 1181\u20131185 (2009).","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"5","key":"43648_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000240355.37927.94","volume":"18","author":"JA James","year":"2006","unstructured":"James, J. A., Harley, J. B. & Scofield, R. H. Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 18(5), 462\u2013467 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"43648_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500484849","volume":"39","author":"BD Poole","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poole, B. D., Scofield, R. H., Harley, J. B. & James, J. A. Epstein-Barr virus and molecular mimicry in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 39(1), 63\u201370 (2006).","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"43648_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1167","volume":"11","author":"MT McClain","year":"2005","unstructured":"McClain, M. T. et al. Early events in lupus humoral autoimmunity suggest initiation through molecular mimicry. Nat. Med. 11(1), 85\u201389 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"43648_CR45","first-page":"45","volume":"64","author":"JB Harley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harley, J. B. & James, J. A. Epstein-Barr virus infection induces lupus autoimmunity. Bull. NYU. Hosp. Jt. Dis. 64(1\u20132), 45\u201350 (2006).","journal-title":"Bull. NYU. Hosp. Jt. Dis."},{"key":"43648_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606936","volume":"11","author":"ME Munroe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Munroe, M. E. et al. Epstein-Barr functional mimicry: pathogenicity of oncogenic Latent Membrane Protein-1 in systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmunity. Front. Immunol. 11, 606936 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"43648_CR47","first-page":"289","volume":"16","author":"M Incaprera","year":"1998","unstructured":"Incaprera, M., Rindi, L., Bazzichi, A. & Garzelli, C. Potential role of the Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus autoimmunity. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 16(3), 289\u2013294 (1998).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"43648_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230525","volume":"23","author":"A Sabbatini","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sabbatini, A., Bombardieri, S. & Migliorini, P. Autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus bind a shared sequence of SmD and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen EBNA I. Eur. J. Immunol. 23(5), 1146\u20131152 (1993).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"43648_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128481","volume":"10","author":"M Pithukpakorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pithukpakorn, M. et al. HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 are associated with adult-onset immunodeficiency with acquired anti-interferon-gamma autoantibodies. PLoS ONE 10(5), e0128481 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"43648_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e183","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp160243","volume":"74","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhao, Z. & Sun, S. S. Association of human leukocyte antigen variants and allopurinol-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: A meta-analysis. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 74(9), e183\u2013e192 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"issue":"3","key":"43648_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.04.002","volume":"66","author":"WH Chung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chung, W. H. & Hung, S. I. Recent advances in the genetics and immunology of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrosis. J. Dermatol. Sci. 66(3), 190\u2013196 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43648-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43648-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43648-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:18:44Z","timestamp":1777868324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-43648-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["43648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-43648-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand (COA no.923\/2017) and of the Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University (MURA no.2015\/731, EC no.590223, Protocol-ID 12\u201358-12). The written consent of patients capable of giving informed consent was obtained immediately. Incapacitated patients were initially enrolled in accordance with the ethics approval, and consent was obtained from the patient themselves or their authorized representative at the earliest possible time. Our methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The funders did not play any role in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Role of the funder\/sponsor"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, authors use AI generative tools to help checking grammar and sentence organization. The authors reviewed and edited the content by us and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Generative AI in scientific writing"}}],"article-number":"13952"}}