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Here, walnut green outer shell and pistachio pink outer shell were converted into activated carbons via chemical activation using KOH (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) and ZnCl\u2082 (1:1). Without any pretreatment, precursors were carbonized at 500\u00a0\u00b0C (1\u00a0h, nitrogen atmosphere), followed by activation at 800\u00a0\u00b0C (KOH, 1\u00a0h) or 500\u00a0\u00b0C (ZnCl\u2082, 1\u00a0h). Textural analyses revealed a strong dependence on both precursor type and activating agent. Walnut-shell carbons reached exceptionally high surface areas of 1028\u20132347\u00a0m\u00b2 g\u207b\u00b9, with the maximum obtained for KOH (1:3), whereas pistachio-shell carbons achieved 788\u20131324\u00a0m\u00b2 g\u207b\u00b9 under the same KOH series. In contrast, ZnCl\u2082 activation produced markedly lower areas (445\u2013750\u00a0m\u00b2 g\u207b\u00b9) and grinding caused only minor changes. FTIR\/XRD\/SEM\/Elemental analyses collectively supported the formation of defect-rich, turbostratic carbon frameworks with well-developed porous morphologies, highlighting walnut shell as a particularly promising precursor for sustainable, high-surface-area activated carbons suitable for adsorption-driven environmental applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43746-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T14:15:31Z","timestamp":1773065731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sustainable synthesis and characterization of high-surface-area activated carbons from walnut and pistachio shell wastes via chemical activation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6247-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Ender","family":"Kuyucu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1566-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Sel\u00e7uk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunus","family":"\u00d6nal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130hsan","family":"Alacabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9158-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadir","family":"Erol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"43746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34311-9","volume":"31","author":"P Bradu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bradu, P. et al. 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