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The designed framework incorporated a C-4 amino-substituted coumarin nucleus, enabling the construction of diverse fused and heteroannulated coumarin derivatives under mild conditions, affording moderate to excellent yields. The structures of all new compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic analyses (IR, MS,\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H, and\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C NMR). Selected derivatives were evaluated for antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Results revealed that compounds\n                    <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>3<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>6<\/jats:bold>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:bold>7<\/jats:bold>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:bold>8<\/jats:bold>\n                    exhibited notable inhibition, while compound\n                    <jats:bold>8<\/jats:bold>\n                    showed the broadest antifungal spectrum and the highest inhibition potency (inhibition zones up to 4.00\u2009\u00b1\u20090.50 mm). IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    determination highlighted compounds\n                    <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n                    (0.35 mg\/mL) and\n                    <jats:bold>3<\/jats:bold>\n                    (&lt;\u20090.63 mg\/mL) as the most potent. At the same time, molecular docking against five key fungal enzymes indicated strong, multi-target binding affinities for compounds 6\u20138, particularly 8, which showed \u0394G values below -8.982 kcal\/mol. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations established correlations between frontier orbital energies, energy gaps, softness, dipole moments, and antifungal performance, suggesting that reduced \u0394E and enhanced softness favor the biological activity. These findings identify compound\n                    <jats:bold>8<\/jats:bold>\n                    as a promising broad-spectrum antifungal lead and provide valuable structure\u2013activity insights for the rational design of coumarin-based antifungal agents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-43854-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:26:21Z","timestamp":1776054381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synthesis of some novel coumarin-based heterocycles, elucidation of their antifungal behavior, molecular docking and computational studies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud F.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mounir A. 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