{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:05:24Z","timestamp":1773835524390,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP111\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP111\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-44092-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:54:51Z","timestamp":1773816891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eco-friendly managing of root rot and wilt diseases in marjoram plants by chitosan-copper nanoparticles: enhancing plant immunity and stimulation of resistance genes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fatimah S.","family":"Al-khattaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman W. R.","family":"Ghebrial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abeer R. M. Abd","family":"El-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"44092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-09-17-1375-FE","volume":"102","author":"A Ficke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ficke, A., Cowger, C., Bergstrom, G. & Brodal, G. Understanding yield loss and pathogen biology to improve disease management: Septoria nodorum blotch-a case study in wheat. Plant Dis. 102, 696\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-09-17-1375-FE (2018).","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"44092_CR2","unstructured":"Gullino, M. L., Albajes, R., Al-Jboory, I., Angelotti, F., Chakraborty, S. & Garrett, K. A. et al. Scientific Review of the Impact of Climate Change on Plant Pests. Scientific review of the impact of climate change on plant pests-A global challenge to prevent and mitigate plant pest risks in agriculture, forestry and ecosystems. Presented at Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, hosted by FAO (2021)."},{"key":"44092_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11120701","volume":"11","author":"S Sarrocco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarrocco, S., Mauro, A. & Battilani, P. Use of competitive filamentous fungi as an alternative approach for mycotoxin risk reduction in staple cereals: State of art and future perspectives. Toxins 11, 701 (2019).","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"44092_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00902","volume":"8","author":"S Granzow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Granzow, S. et al. The effects of cropping regimes on fungal and bacterial communities of wheat and faba bean in a greenhouse pot experiment differ between plant species and compartment. Front. Microbiol. 8, 902 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"44092_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2009.07.002","volume":"115","author":"F Stoddard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stoddard, F., Nicholas, A. H., Rubiales, D., Thomas, J. & Villegas-Fern\u00e1ndez, A. Integrated pest management in faba bean. Field Crops Res. 115, 308\u2013318 (2010).","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"44092_CR6","unstructured":"Levenfors, J. Soil-borne pathogens in intensive legume cropping-aphanomyces spp. and root rots, Doctoral thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (2003)."},{"key":"44092_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenzweig, A. Iglesius, X.-B. & Yang, P. R. Epstein, Chivian E. Climate change and extreme weather events-Implications for food production, plant diseases, and pests 2, 90\u2013104 (2001).","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015086831467"},{"key":"44092_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8050482","volume":"8","author":"AM Abdelaziz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abdelaziz, A. M. et al. Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production in Zea mays L. using endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Fungi 8, 482 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"44092_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2021.102083","volume":"35","author":"AM Abdelaziz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelaziz, A. M. et al. Protective role of zinc oxide nanoparticles based hydrogel against wilt disease of pepper plant. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 35, 1020833.1 (2021).","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"44092_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2024.06.027","volume":"171","author":"H Saleem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saleem, H., Akbar, M., Anar, M., Chaudhary, H. J. & Munis, M. F. H. Biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) adeptly diminish leaf blight of Rosa chinensis by exhibiting higher expression of RcWRKY29 and increasing antioxidant enzymatic activities. S. Afr. J. Bot. 171, 337\u2013346 (2024).","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"44092_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202300301","author":"NA Abdelfattah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelfattah, N. A. et al. Influence of biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles on growth and physiological aspects of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) plant, cowpea beetle, and cytotoxicity. Biotechnol. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/biot.202300301 (2023).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"44092_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02281-8","volume":"12","author":"SE El-Abeid","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Abeid, S. E. et al. Antifungal activity of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from Zizyphus spina leaf extract against Fusarium root rot disease in tomato plants. J. Nanobiotechnology 12(1), 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-023-02281-8 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"44092_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su151914295","volume":"15","author":"MA Mosa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mosa, M. A. & El-Abeid, S. E. Chitosan-loaded copper oxide nanoparticles: A promising antifungal nanocomposite against Fusarium wilt disease of tomato plants. Sustainability 15, 14295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su151914295 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"44092_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.966396","volume":"10","author":"S Gaba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gaba, S., Rai, A. K., Varma, A., Prasad, R. & Goel, A. Biocontrol potential of mycogenic copper oxide nanoparticles against Alternaria brassicae. Front. Chem. 10, 966396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2022.966396 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"44092_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77294-6","volume":"24","author":"VF Consolo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Consolo, V. F., Torres-Nicolini, A. & Alvarez, V. A. Mycosinthetized Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles from a promising Trichoderma harzianum strain and their antifungal potential against important phytopathogens. Sci. Rep. 24, 20499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-77294-6 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"44092_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08571-0","volume":"7","author":"RC Choudhary","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choudhary, R. C. et al. Cu-chitosan nanoparticle boost defense responses and plant growth in maize (Zea mays L.). Sci. Rep. 7, 9754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-08571-0 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"44092_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40502-015-0139-6","volume":"20","author":"D Katiyar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Katiyar, D., Hemantaranjan, A. & Singh, B. Chitosan as a promising natural compound to enhance potential physiological responses in plant: A review. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 20, 1\u20139 (2015).","journal-title":"Indian J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"44092_CR18","first-page":"28","volume":"10","author":"P Goyal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goyal, P., Chakraborty, S. & Misra, S. K. Multifunctional Fe3O4-ZnO nanocomposites for environmental remediation applications. Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag. 10, 28\u201335 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"44092_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683816050124","volume":"52","author":"E Popova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Popova, E., Domnina, N., Kovalenko, N., Sokornova, S. & Tyuterev, S. Effect of chitosan and vanillin-modified chitosan on wheat resistance to spot blotch. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 52, 537\u2013540 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"44092_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.05.007","volume":"89","author":"M Sathiyabama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sathiyabama, M., Bernstein, N. & Anusuya, S. Chitosan elicitation for increased curcumin production and stimulation of defence response in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Ind. Crops Prod. 89, 87\u201394 (2016).","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"44092_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.05.033","volume":"151","author":"M Sathiyabama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sathiyabama, M. & Parthasarathy, R. Biological preparation of chitosan nanoparticles and its in vitro antifungal efficacy against some phytopathogenic fungi. Carbo. Polymers 151, 321\u2013325 (2016).","journal-title":"Carbo. Polymers"},{"key":"44092_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15195","volume":"5","author":"S Chandra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chandra, S. et al. Chitosan nanoparticles: A positive modulator of innate immune responses in plants. Sci. Rep. 5, 15195 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"44092_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.027","volume":"75","author":"V Saharan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saharan, V. et al. Synthesis and in vitro antifungal efficacy of Cu-chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi of tomato. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 75, 346\u2013353 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"44092_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6679","DOI":"10.1021\/la0202374","volume":"18","author":"PK Stoimenov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stoimenov, P. K., Klinger, R. L., Marchin, G. L. & Klabunde, K. J. Metal oxide nanoparticles as bactericidal agents. Langmuir 18, 6679\u20136686 (2002).","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"44092_CR25","volume":"43","author":"EB Nelson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nelson, E. B. & Boehm, M. J. Compost-induced suppression of turf grass diseases. Bio. Cycle 43, 51 (2002).","journal-title":"Bio. Cycle"},{"key":"44092_CR26","first-page":"141","volume":"37","author":"HZ Ahmed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmed, H. Z., Armanious, H. A. H., Abdel-Moneim, M. L. & Gala, A. A. Control of root rot and wilt diseases of marjoram by using some mineral compounds and antioxidants. Minia J. Agric. Res. Dev. 37, 141\u2013156 (2017).","journal-title":"Minia J. Agric. Res. Dev."},{"key":"44092_CR27","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Genus Fusarium","author":"C Booth","year":"1971","unstructured":"Booth, C. The Genus Fusarium 1\u2013237 (Commonwealth mycological Institute, 1971)."},{"key":"44092_CR28","unstructured":"Barnett, H. & Hunter, B. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi 4th edn. (The American Phytopathological Society (1998)."},{"key":"44092_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2003.87.2.117","volume":"87","author":"BA Summerell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Summerell, B. A., Salleh, B. & Leslie, J. F. A utilitarian approach to Fusarium identification. Plant Dis. 87, 117\u2013128 (2003).","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"44092_CR30","first-page":"450","volume-title":"A Manual of Soil Fugi","author":"JC Gilman","year":"1957","unstructured":"Gilman, J. C. A Manual of Soil Fugi 450 (Iowa State university, 1957)."},{"key":"44092_CR31","first-page":"389","volume":"3","author":"RSR El-Mohamedy","year":"2014","unstructured":"El-Mohamedy, R. S. R., Abdalla, A. M. & Adam, S. M. Preliminary studies on response of Moringa oleifera plants to infection with some soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 3, 389\u2013397 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"44092_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14337","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB11.1401","volume":"10","author":"OE Amer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amer, O. E., Mahmoud, M. A., El-Samawaty, A. M. A. & Sayed, S. R. M. Non liquid nitrogen-based-method for isolation of DNA from filamentous fungi. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10, 14337\u201314341 (2011).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"44092_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8060186","volume":"8","author":"C Duan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duan, C. et al. Identification of pathogenic Fusarium spp. causing maize ear rot and potential mycotoxin production in China. Toxins 8, 186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins8060186 (2016).","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"44092_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1515\/biolog-2016-0027","volume":"71","author":"SC Dubey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dubey, S. C., Tripathi, A., Upadhyay, B. K. & Kumar, A. Development of conventional and real time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Rhizoctonia solani infecting pulse crops. Biologia 71, 133\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/biolog-2016-0027 (2016).","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"44092_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2011.01.007","volume":"8","author":"MA Hossain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hossain, M. A. & Shah, M. D. A study on the total phenols content and antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of endemic plant Merremia borneensis. Arab. J. Chem. 8, 66\u201371 (2015).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"44092_CR36","first-page":"13","volume":"6","author":"K Oriakhi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oriakhi, K. et al. Comparative antioxidant activities of extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum leaves. J. Agric. Sci. 6, 13\u201320 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"44092_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-017-1003-3","volume":"7","author":"J Ahmad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmad, J. et al. Comparative assessment of four RNA extraction methods and modification to obtain high-quality RNA from Parthenium hysterophorus leaf. 3 Biotech 7, 373\u2013386 (2017).","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"issue":"9","key":"44092_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-021-01068-1","volume":"27","author":"D Kisa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kisa, D. et al. The interactive effect of aromatic amino acid composition on the accumulation of phenolic compounds and the expression of biosynthesis-related genes in Ocimum basilicum. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 27(9), 2057\u20132069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12298-021-01068-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"44092_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"02","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394Ct method. Methods 25, 02\u2013408 (2001).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"44092_CR40","unstructured":"Gomez A. K. & Gomez. Statistical Procedures for Agriculture Research 2nd Ed. John Wiley & sons New Youk, 680 PP (1980)."},{"key":"44092_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2005.09.020","volume":"42","author":"K Mallick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mallick, K., Witcomb, M. J. & Scurrell, M. S. In situ synthesis of copper nanoparticles and poly (o-toluidine): A metal-polymer composite material. Eur. Polym. J. 42, 670\u2013675 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"44092_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.179","author":"GL Vanti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vanti, G. L. et al. Synthesis and application of chitosan-copper nanoparticles on damping off causing plant pathogenic fungi. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.179 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"44092_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-021-02296-y","volume":"30","author":"A Hidangmayum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hidangmayum, A. & Dwivedi, P. Chitosan based nanoformulation for sustainable agriculture with special reference to abiotic stress: A review. J. Polym. Environ. 30, 1264\u20131283 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"44092_CR44","unstructured":"Hilal, A. A., Heweidy, M. A., El-Deeb, A. A. & El-Ghareeb, L. A. Root\u2013rot and wilt diseases affecting marjoram in Egypt. Proceedings of 6th Congress Phytopathology, Cairo, Egypt, 3, 402\u2013417 (1990)."},{"key":"44092_CR45","unstructured":"Hassanin, M. Pathological studies on some important fungal diseases of marjoram and their management. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, 137pp (2007)."},{"key":"44092_CR46","unstructured":"El-Gebaly, M. M. Studies on root-rot and wilt disease of marjoram Ph.D. Thesis, Fac.Agric., Al-AzharUniversity, Cairo, Egypt, 153pp (1988)."},{"key":"44092_CR47","unstructured":"Ali, M. D. H., Morsi, A. A. & El-Sherif, M. A. Identification of agricultural research carried out in Egypt (1900\u20131970). I. Plant pathology. N.I.D.C.,Nat. Acad. Sci.Tech , 489 pp. (in Arabic) (1972)."},{"key":"44092_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eisa, E. A., Meligy, M. M. & Ziedan, H. E. Application of composts and potassium sulphate on root rot incidence, morphological growth, yield components, oil content and constitutes of marjoram plants (Majorana hortensis L.). Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 42, 102334 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102334.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102334"},{"key":"44092_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdel-Wahed, G. A., Abd El-Aziz, A. R. M., Ahmed, N. E., Gad, M. A. & Shehata, A.S.F. Biological Control of marjoram root-rot using kombucha and natural antagonists with first report of Fusarium equiseti in Egypt. Egypt. J. Phytopathol. 53, 178\u2013193 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJP.2025.431979","DOI":"10.21608\/EJP.2025.431979"},{"key":"44092_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-91-10-1360C","volume":"91","author":"A Garibaldi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garibaldi, A., Minuto, A. & Gullino, M. L. First report of white mold caused by Sclerotini asclerotiorum on Origanum vulgare and Taraxacum officinale in Italy. Plant Dis. 91, 1360 (2007).","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"44092_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1071\/DN07006","volume":"2","author":"SA Gaetan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gaetan, S. A., Madia, M. S. & Perez, A. Recent outbreak of Fusarium crown and root rot caused by Fusarium solanion marjoram in Argentina. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 2, 15\u201316 (2007).","journal-title":"Australas. Plant Dis. Notes"},{"key":"44092_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garibaldi, A., Bertetti, D., Pensa, P., Poli, A. & Gullino, M. L. First Report of Web Blight on Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IB in Italy. Plant Dis. 97, 1119 (2013).","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-02-13-0138-PDN"},{"key":"44092_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2004.00675.x","volume":"6","author":"I Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson, I. & Cairney, J. Diversity and ecology of soil fungal communities: Increased understanding through the application of molecular techniques. Environ. Microbiol. 6, 769\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2004.00675.x (2004).","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"44092_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01618.x","volume":"296","author":"R Nilsson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nilsson, R., Ryberg, M., Abarenkov, K., Sj\u00f6kvist, E. & Kristiansson, E. The ITS region as a target for characterization of fungal communities using emerging sequencing technologies. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 296, 97\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01618.x (2009).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"44092_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campos, M. D., Patanita, M., Campos, C., Materatski, P., Varanda, C. M. R., Brito, I. & F\u00e9lix, M. D. R. Detection and quantification of Fusarium spp. (F. oxysporum, F. verticillioides, F. graminearum) and magnaporthiopsis maydis in maize using real-time PCR targeting the ITS region. Agronomy 9, 45 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy9020045.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9020045"},{"key":"44092_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8040411","volume":"8","author":"A Rozaliyani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rozaliyani, A. et al. Unravelling the molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Aspergillus spp. isolated from chronic pulmonary aspergillosis patients in Jakarta, Indonesia: The emergence of cryptic species. J. Fungi 8, 411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8040411 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"44092_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jph.70162","volume":"173","author":"LCS Amancio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amancio, L. C. S. et al. PCR with specific primers for detection of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups reveals lack of specificity. J. Phytopathol. 173, e70162 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"44092_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11040249","volume":"11","author":"V Baramidze","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baramidze, V. et al. A barcoded ITS primer-based nanopore sequencing protocol for detection of Alternaria species and other fungal pathogens in diverse plant hosts. J. Fungi 11, 249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof11040249 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"44092_CR59","volume-title":"Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology","author":"B Sneh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sneh, B., Jabaji-Hare, S., Neate, S. & Dijst, G. Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1996)."},{"key":"44092_CR60","first-page":"47","volume":"43","author":"B Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, B. et al. Advances in crop wilt disease. J. Xiamen Univ. 43, 47\u201358 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Xiamen Univ."},{"key":"44092_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3390\/bios5030537","volume":"5","author":"Y Fang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fang, Y. & Ramasamy, R. P. Current and prospective methods for plant disease detection. Biosensors 5, 537\u2013561 (2015).","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"44092_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051099","volume":"15","author":"AM Ismail","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ismail, A. M., Mosa, M. A. & El-Ganainy, S. M. Chitosan-decorated copper oxide nanocomposite: Investigation of its antifungal activity against tomato gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Polymers 15, 1099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15051099 (2023).","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"44092_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25702","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA28792A","volume":"7","author":"R Karthik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karthik, R. et al. A facile graphene oxide based sensor for eEelectrochemical detection of prostate anti-cancer (anti-testosterone) drug Flutamide in biological samples. RSC Adv. 7, 25702\u201325709 (2017).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"44092_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1039\/B917103G","volume":"39","author":"DR Dreyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dreyer, D. R., Park, S., Bielawski, C. W. & Ruoff, R. S. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 228\u2013240 (2010).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"44092_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00242","volume":"8","author":"M Kumari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumari, M. et al. Omics-based mechanistic insight into the role of bioengineered NPs for biotic stress amelioration by modulating plant metabolic pathways. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8, 242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00242 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"44092_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSNANO.4C10637","author":"Z Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo, Z. et al. Multiple pathways revealing the CeO2 nanoparticle-biostimulant-Based \u201cstress training\u201d strategy for enhanced Medicago sativa L antiviral capability. ACS Nano https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACSNANO.4C10637 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"44092_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10805","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02323","volume":"55","author":"WH Elmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elmer, W. H. et al. Foliar application of copper oxide NPs suppresses Fusarium wilt development on Chrysanthemum. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 10805\u201310810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.1c02323 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"44092_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12091418","volume":"12","author":"J Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, J. et al. Silica nanoparticles enhance the disease resistance of ginger to rhizome rot during postharvest storage. Nanomaterials (Basel) 12, 1418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano12091418 (2022).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"44092_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.05.057","author":"Q Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong, Q. et al. Nano-priming with selenium nanoparticles reprograms seed germination, antioxidant defense, and phenylpropanoid metabolism to enhance Fusarium graminearum resistance in maize seedlings. J. Adv. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2025.05.057 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44092-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44092-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44092-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T08:55:22Z","timestamp":1773824122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44092-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["44092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-44092-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9232"}}