{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T11:52:50Z","timestamp":1781697170151,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the derived phase angle (PhA) are recognized as a marker of cellular integrity and muscle quality, with emerging applications in the early detection of functional decline in older adults. However, evidence on the clinical utility of segmental PhA compared to whole-body measurements remains limited, particularly in community-dwelling populations. In contrast with previous Asian cohorts, this is the first study to systematically assess segmental and total PhA in a community-dwelling Spanish population. A cross-sectional study including 93 community-dwelling older adults aged\u2009\u2265\u200965 years was conducted in Southern Spain (median age: 75.5 years; 54.8% women and 45.2% men). Whole-body and segmental PhA (upper limbs, lower limbs, and trunk) were obtained using multifrequency BIA. Physical function was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), handgrip strength, gait speed (6-metre walk test), and lower-limb relative power (LL-rPOW). Multiple linear regression models adjusted by age, sex and BMI evaluated the associations between PhA and functional outcomes. Physical function outcomes (SPPB, LL-rPOW and Gait speed) showed numerically higher associations in an adjusted model with whole-body and lower-limb PhA. Lower-limb PhA demonstrated the highest association with SPPB (adjusted \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.538;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and was significantly associated with LL-rPOW (adjusted \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.356;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and gait speed (adjusted \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.335;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). Upper-limb PhA had only significant association with handgrip strength (adjusted \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.220;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008). No significant associations were found for the PhA of the trunk. A clear anatomical specificity was observed, where the association strength of PhA increased when the anatomical region assessed matched the functional domain evaluated. Lower-limb PhA had higher numerically association with lower-extremity performance (SPPB, gait speed, LL-rPOW), whereas upper-limb PhA was primarily related to handgrip strength. Whole-body PhA was significantly associated with overall physical performance but lower-limb segmental PhA showed numerically higher standardized \u03b2 values for lower-extremity outcomes, indicating greater regional specificity. These findings support segmental BIA as a rapid, non-invasive biomarker in primary care for stratification and monitoring functional status in community-dwelling older adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-44183-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T09:47:13Z","timestamp":1781689633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between segmental and whole-body phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis and the physical function in community-dwelling older adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ayala-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Mihaiescu-Ion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Perez-Cabezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Gonzalez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ortiz-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita Carrillo","family":"de Albornoz-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Galan-Mercant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"44183_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","volume":"381","author":"A Clegg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O. & Rockwood, K. Frailty in older people. Lancet 381, 752 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"44183_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02149-1","volume":"28","author":"TF Crocker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crocker, T. F. et al. Quality of life is substantially worse for community-dwelling older people living with frailty: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual. Life Res. 28, 2041 (2019).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"44183_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98871-3","volume":"11","author":"I Baltasar-Fernandez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baltasar-Fernandez, I. et al. Relative sit-to-stand power cut-off points and their association with negatives outcomes in older adults. Sci. Rep. 1119460. (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"44183_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ageing and health. (2025). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health"},{"key":"44183_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE): Guidance for Person-Centred Assessment and Pathways in Primary Care. Practical Issues in Geriatrics. Geneva, (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-96529-1_19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96529-1_19"},{"key":"44183_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.05.008","volume":"31","author":"K Norman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Norman, K., Stob\u00e4us, N., Pirlich, M. & Bosy-Westphal, A. Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis - Clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Clin. Nutr. 31, 854\u2013861 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"44183_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x","volume":"83","author":"B Starfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Starfield, B., Shi, L. & Macinko, J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 83, 457\u2013502 (2005).","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"key":"44183_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00573-9","volume":"79","author":"F Buckinx","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buckinx, F., Peyrusqu\u00e9, \u00c9., Granet, J. & Aubertin-Leheudre, M. Impact of current or past physical activity level on functional capacities and body composition among elderly people: A cross-sectional analysis from the YMCA study. Arch. Public Health 79, 50 (2021).","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"44183_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3548284","volume":"2019","author":"M Marra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marra, M. et al. Assessment of body composition in health and disease using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA): A critical overview. Contrast Media Mol. Imaging 2019, 3548284 (2019).","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"44183_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09772-3","volume":"24","author":"K Norman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Norman, K., Herpich, C. & M\u00fcller-Werdan, U. Role of phase angle in older adults with focus on the geriatric syndromes sarcopenia and frailty. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 24, 429 (2022).","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"44183_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2585-z","volume":"29","author":"ER Wilhelm-Leen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilhelm-Leen, E. R., Hall, Y. N., Horwitz, R. I. & Chertow, G. M. Phase angle, frailty and mortality in older adults. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 29, 147\u2013154 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"44183_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.02.015","volume":"39","author":"WB Sales","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sales, W. B. et al. Use of electrical bioimpedance in the assessment of sarcopenia in the older aldults: A scoping review. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 39, 373\u2013381 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"44183_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12860","volume":"13","author":"Y Akamatsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akamatsu, Y. et al. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful indicator of muscle quality. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13, 180\u2013189 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"44183_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.07.004","volume":"39","author":"R Mattiello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mattiello, R., Amaral, M. A., Mundstock, E. & Ziegelmann, P. K. Reference values for the phase angle of the electrical bioimpedance: Systematic review and meta-analysis involving more than 250,000 subjects. Clin. Nutr. 39, 1411\u20131417 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"44183_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13820","volume":"16","author":"K Ikeue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ikeue, K. et al. Phase angle is a potential novel early marker for sarcopenia and cognitive impairment in the general population. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 16, e13820 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"44183_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084687","volume":"19","author":"M Ko\u0142odziej","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ko\u0142odziej, M., Kozie\u0142, S. & Ignasiak, Z. The use of the bioelectrical impedance phase angle to assess the risk of sarcopenia in people aged 50 and above in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19, 4687 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"44183_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13212816","volume":"13","author":"N Rivas-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rivas-Gonz\u00e1lez, N. et al. Segmental bioimpedance phase angles for frailty detection in hospitalized older adults with cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional observational study. Healthcare 13, 2816 (2025).","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"44183_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.09.030","volume":"70","author":"Y Asano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asano, Y. et al. Segmental validation of the 50-kHz phase angle as a valid, practical proxy that closely approximates the characteristic-frequency phase angle and associations with muscle function and body water: A cross-sectional study. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN. 70, 263\u2013273 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN."},{"key":"44183_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28624","volume":"120","author":"D Hui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hui, D. et al. Phase angle for prognostication of survival in patients with advanced cancer: Preliminary findings. Cancer 120, 2207 (2014).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"44183_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059747","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1059747","volume":"9","author":"WH Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng, W. H., Zhao, Y. H., Yao, Y., Huang, H. & Bin Prognostic role of bioelectrical impedance phase angle for critically ill patients: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 9, 1059747 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"44183_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18592","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18592","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Phase angle as a predictor of mortality in elderly patients with multimorbidity: A matched case-control study. PeerJ 12, e18592 (2024).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"44183_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10050066","volume":"10","author":"T Bongiovanni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bongiovanni, T. et al. Regional bioelectrical phase angle is more informative than whole-body phase angle for monitoring neuromuscular performance: A pilot study in elite young soccer players. Sports 10, 66 (2022).","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"44183_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.112709","volume":"133","author":"Y Asano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asano, Y. et al. Segmental phase angle and the extracellular to intracellular water ratio are associated with functional disability in community-dwelling older adults: A follow-up study of up to 12 years. Nutrition 133, 112709 (2025).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"44183_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2588-0682","volume":"46","author":"K Shiose","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shiose, K. et al. Association of phase angle with exercise performance in adolescent female basketball players. Int. J. Sports Med. 46, 850\u2013857 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"44183_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2025.112862","volume":"210","author":"Y Asano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asano, Y. et al. Sex- and age-related declines in muscle mass, strength, physical performance, and muscle quality among community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study. Exp. Gerontol. 210, 112862 (2025).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"44183_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2004.00567.x","volume":"24","author":"M Runge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Runge, M., Rittweger, J., Russo, C. R., Schiessl, H. & Felsenberg, D. Is muscle power output a key factor in the age-related decline in physical performance? A comparison of muscle cross section, chair-rising test and jumping power. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging. 24, 335\u2013340 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"44183_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112289","volume":"119","author":"S Hatanaka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hatanaka, S. et al. Relationship between phase angle and lower-extremity function in older adults: Itabashi Longitudinal Study on Aging. Nutrition 119, 112289 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"44183_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111141","volume":"142","author":"J Losa-Reyna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Losa-Reyna, J. et al. Low relative mechanical power in older adults: An operational definition and algorithm for its application in the clinical setting. Exp. Gerontol. 142, 111141 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"44183_CR29","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney, F. I. & Barthel, D. W. Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index: A simple index of independence useful in scoring improvement in the rehabilitation of the chronically ill. Md. State Med. J. 14, 61\u201365 (1965).","journal-title":"Md. State Med. J."},{"key":"44183_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. \u2018Mini-mental state\u2019 a practical state method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12, 189\u2013198 (1975).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"44183_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.6108.2015107","volume":"61","author":"S Llamas-Velasco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Llamas-Velasco, S., Llorente-Ayuso, L., Contador, I. & Bermejo-Pareja, F. Spanish versions of the minimental state examination (MMSE). Questions for their use in clinical practice]. Rev. Neurol. 61, 363\u2013371 (2015).","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"44183_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601993","volume":"58","author":"A Pietrobelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pietrobelli, A., Rubiano, F., St-Onge, M. P. & Heymsfield, S. B. New bioimpedance analysis system: Improved phenotyping with whole-body analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 1479\u20131484 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"44183_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2018.10.008","volume":"23","author":"CN McLester","year":"2020","unstructured":"McLester, C. N., Nickerson, B. S., Kliszczewicz, B. M. & McLester, J. R. Reliability and agreement of various InBody body composition analyzers as compared to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in healthy men and women. J. Clin. Densitom. 23, 443\u2013450 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"44183_CR34","unstructured":"InBody Technology | InBody USA. https:\/\/inbodyusa.com\/general\/technology\/"},{"key":"44183_CR35","unstructured":"InBody770. User\u2019s Manual. (2015). http:\/\/www.inbody.com"},{"key":"44183_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15649","volume":"11","author":"AN Varanoske","year":"2023","unstructured":"Varanoske, A. N. et al. Bioelectrical impedance phase angle is associated with physical performance before but not after simulated multi-stressor military operations. Physiol. Rep. 11, e15649 (2023).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"44183_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","volume":"39","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 39, 412 (2010).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"44183_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85","author":"JM Guralnik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Guralnik, J. M. et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J. Gerontol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"44183_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.4.M221","volume":"55","author":"JM Guralnik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Guralnik, J. M. et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: Consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the Short Physical Performance Battery. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 55, M221 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"44183_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00701.x","volume":"54","author":"S Perera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perera, S., Mody, S. H., Woodman, R. C. & Studenski, S. A. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 54, 743\u2013749 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"44183_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.08.006","volume":"112","author":"J Alcazar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alcazar, J. et al. The sit-to-stand muscle power test: An easy, inexpensive and portable procedure to assess muscle power in older people. Exp. Gerontol. 112, 38\u201343 (2018).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"44183_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53501.x","volume":"53","author":"M Cesari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cesari, M. et al. Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people\u2013Results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 1675\u20131680 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"105","key":"44183_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"105:1","author":"C Beaudart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beaudart, C. et al. Assessment of Muscle Function and Physical Performance in Daily Clinical Practice. Calcified Tissue Int. 2019. 105:1 (105), 1\u201314 (2019).","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue Int. 2019"},{"key":"44183_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","volume":"40","author":"HC Roberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts, H. C. et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: Towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing 40, 423\u2013429 (2011).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"44183_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Snih, S., Markides, K. S., Ottenbacher, K. J. & Raji, M. A. Hand grip strength and incident ADL disability in elderly Mexican Americans over a seven-year period. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2004 16:6 16, 481\u2013486 (2013).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327406"},{"key":"44183_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Taylor and Francis, 1988). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203771587","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"44183_CR47","unstructured":"JASP Team. JASP (Version 0.95.3) [Computer software]. (2025). https:\/\/jasp-stats.org\/"},{"key":"44183_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12492","volume":"11","author":"K Uemura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uemura, K. et al. Predictivity of bioimpedance phase angle for incident disability in older adults. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 11, 46\u201354 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"44183_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1151-0","volume":"23","author":"M Yamada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamada, M. et al. Phase angle is a useful indicator for muscle function in older adults. J. Nutr. Health Aging 23, 251\u2013255 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"44183_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14423","volume":"22","author":"Y Hirano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hirano, Y., Yamada, Y., Matsui, Y., Ota, S. & Arai, H. Lower limb muscle quality and phase angle contribute to the reduced walking speed among older adults. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 22, 603\u2013609 (2022).","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"44183_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjfa.2025.100071","volume":"14","author":"P Grootswagers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Grootswagers, P., Ricco, A., Hulshof, P. & de Groot, L. Phase angle is related to physical function in high-risk Dutch older adults: Implications for sarcopenia screening. J. Frailty Aging 14, 100071 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"44183_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosy-Westphal, A. et al. Quantification of whole-body and segmental skeletal muscle mass using phase-sensitive 8-electrode medical bioelectrical impedance devices. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017 71:9 71, 1061\u20131067 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.27"},{"key":"44183_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004","volume":"23","author":"UG Kyle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kyle, U. G. et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis\u2014Part I: Review of principles and methods. Clin. Nutr. 23, 1226\u20131243 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44183-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44183-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44183-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T11:02:55Z","timestamp":1781694175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44183-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["44183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-44183-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18853"}}