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In this study,\n                    <jats:italic>Ulva lactuca<\/jats:italic>\n                    ulvan was produced under optimized conditions involving temperature, pH, extraction time, and solvent concentration adjustments. The extracted ulvan (\n                    <jats:italic>U. lactuca<\/jats:italic>\n                    ulvan, ULU) was identified using analytical methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) to confirm its compositional stability. A maximum yield of 23.33\u2009\u00b1\u20090.28% was achieved, with rhamnose as the main sugar, accounting for 14.10\u00a0\u00b5g\/g of dried weight. Ulvan\u2019s biological activities are likely influenced by its sulfate content, which measured 35.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.25%. The bioactivity of ULU was tested for anticancer, antioxidant, and antiviral effects. ULU showed significant anticancer activity against pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1). At a dose of 1000\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml, ULU achieved an inhibition rate of 86.15%, with an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 123.51\u2009\u00b1\u200910.95\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml, demonstrating substantial effectiveness in inhibiting pancreatic cancer cell growth. In antioxidant tests, ULU exhibited moderate free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, with a maximum inhibition rate of 88.31% \u00b12.64% at 1000\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml and an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 263.73\u2009\u00b1\u20099.41\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml. These results highlight the benefits of improved extraction and optimized conditions, indicating that ULU has potential as a natural antioxidant, though with modest efficacy compared to ascorbic acid. ULU also demonstrated limited antiviral activity, with an inhibition rate of 40.25\u2009\u00b1\u20092.61% against Hepatitis A virus (HAV) at 50\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml, as measured by the MTT assay. The cytotoxicity test showed a CC\u2085\u2080 value of 230.53\u2009\u00b1\u20092.09\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml, indicating a moderate safety margin. Despite its limited antiviral effectiveness, further research into combining ULU with other drugs or exploring synergistic effects could enhance its therapeutic potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-44503-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T08:06:55Z","timestamp":1775117215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimized production and characterization of ulvan from Ulva Lactuca with in vitro biological activities"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Amira M.","family":"Abu-Resha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"El-Sheekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada W.","family":"Abou-El-Souod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanaa","family":"Morsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mofida","family":"Makhlof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"44503_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.07.004","volume":"184","author":"MM El-Sheekh","year":"2025","unstructured":"El-Sheekh, M. 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