{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:58:38Z","timestamp":1782863918310,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":63,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urethroplasty is the gold standard for urethral stricture but is limited by technical complexity and surgeon expertise. Thus, urethrotomy and dilatation remain common despite high recurrence rates (40\u201360%) from fibrosis. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a regenerative therapy, promotes tissue healing but contains transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21), which may worsen fibrosis. To overcome this, a modified PRP (mPRP) was developed by neutralizing TGF-\u03b21, aiming to enhance healing while reducing fibrosis and recurrence in urethral stricture management. An experimental study was conducted using New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A urethral stricture model was induced through surgical urethral injury followed by TGF-\u03b2 injection. Animals were treated with either standard PRP or mPRP. Outcomes were assessed through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and retrograde urethrography. Collagen thickness decreased in the PRP group (16.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4\u00a0\u00b5m; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and further in the mPRP group (11.38\u2009\u00b1\u20091.46\u00a0\u00b5m; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). IHC revealed lower collagen type III levels in the mPRP group (3.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0) compared with PRP (6.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.83), yielding a higher collagen I:III ratio (1:2.6 vs. 1:1.36). Urethrography demonstrated a wider lumen (2.72\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14\u00a0mm) and shorter stricture length (0.60\u2009\u00b1\u20090.63\u00a0cm) in the mPRP group compared to PRP (2.41\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10\u00a0mm and 2.48\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16\u00a0cm; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). mPRP effectively reduces fibrosis and inhibits stricture recurrence, as evidenced by decreased collagen expression and improved urethral lumen dimensions, supporting its potential as an adjunctive therapy for urethral stricture management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-44732-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:54:35Z","timestamp":1777478075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel innovation using modified platelet-rich plasma (mPRP) for preventing urethral stricture recurrence in a rabbit model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9174-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paksi","family":"Satyagraha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7919-4888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyun Yueniwati","family":"P.W","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basuki Bambang","family":"Purnomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edvin Prawira","family":"Negara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-027X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Putri Wikie","family":"Novianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4710-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athaya Febriantyo","family":"Purnomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"44732_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.02.060","volume":"185","author":"G Barbagli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barbagli, G. et al. Histological evidence of urethral involvement in male patients with genital lichen sclerosus: A preliminary report. J. Urol. 185(6), 2171\u20132176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2011.02.060 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"10","key":"44732_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.06904.x","volume":"100","author":"AG Cavalcanti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cavalcanti, A. G., Costa, W. S., Baskin, L. S., Mcaninch, J. A. & Sampaio, F. J. B. San Francisco report a quantitative a morphometric analysis of bulbar urethral strictures. J. Compilation BJU Int. 100(10), 397\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.06904.x (2007).","journal-title":"J. Compilation BJU Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"44732_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2013.0022","volume":"64","author":"D Kajdaniuk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kajdaniuk, D., Marek, B., Borgiel-Marek, H. & Kos-Kud\u0142a, B. Transforming growth faktor \u03b21 (TGF\u03b21) in physiology and pathology. Endokrynol. Pol. 64(5), 384\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/EP.2013.0022 (2013).","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"issue":"5","key":"44732_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-016-1227-x","volume":"48","author":"SL Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang, S. L., Fu, D. L., Li, H. C., Zhang, P. & Chong, T. The effect of rapamycin on TGF\u03b21 and MMP1 expression in a rabbit model of urethral stricture. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 48(5), 717\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-016-1227-x (2016).","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"44732_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.09.009","volume":"83","author":"JM Latini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Latini, J. M., Mcaninch, J. W., Brandes, S. B. & Chung, J. Y. SIU\/ICUD consultation on urethral strictures: Epidemiology, etiology, anatomy, and nomenclature of urethral stenoses, strictures, and pelvic fracture urethral disruption injuries. Urology 83(3), S1\u2013S7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2013.09.009 (2014).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"44732_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.09.023","volume":"69","author":"N Fossati","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fossati, N. et al. Platinum Priority \u2013 Reconstructive Urology the surgical learning curve for one-stage anterior urethroplasty: A prospective single-surgeon study. Eur. Urol. 69(4), 686\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.09.023 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"44732_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.04.022","volume":"10","author":"F Castiglione","year":"2016","unstructured":"Castiglione, F. et al. Adipose-derived stem cells counteract urethral stricture formation in rats. Eur. Urol. 10(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.04.022 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"4","key":"44732_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.05.01","volume":"3","author":"OA Raheem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raheem, O. A. & Buckley, J. C. Adjunctive maneuvers to treat urethral stricture: A review of the world literature. Transl. Androl. Urol. 3(4), 170\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.05.01 (2014).","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"44732_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb9010010","author":"D Chicharro-Alc\u00e1ntara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chicharro-Alc\u00e1ntara, D. et al. Platelet rich plasma: New insights for cutaneous wound healing management. J. Funct. Biomater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb9010010 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"44732_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000477353","volume":"4","author":"R Alves","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alves, R. & Grimalt, R. A review of platelet-rich plasma: History, biology, mechanism of action, and classification. Skin Appendage Disord. 4(1), 18\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000477353 (2018).","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"44732_CR11","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association. (2020). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition. Schaumburg, IL: AVMA. ISBN 978\u20131\u2013882691\u201354\u20138."},{"issue":"6","key":"44732_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2023.77.428-432.","volume":"77","author":"P Satyagraha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Satyagraha, P. et al. Deciphering the role of TGF-\u03b21 in altering Collagen I and Collagen III in the New Zealand Rabbit\u2019s (Oryctolagus cuniculus) urethral wall in urethral stricture development. Med Arch. 77(6), 428\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/medarh.2023.77.428-432. (2023).","journal-title":"Med Arch."},{"key":"44732_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.02.017","volume":"87","author":"H Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Customized platelet-rich plasma with transforming growth \u03b21 neutralization antibody to reduce fibrosis in skeletal muscle. Biomaterials 87, 147\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.02.017 (2016).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"3","key":"44732_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.02.014","volume":"194","author":"P Sangkum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sangkum, P. et al. Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21 induced urethral fibrosis in a rat model. J. Urol. 194(3), 820\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2015.02.014 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"3","key":"44732_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2023.77.189-193","volume":"77","author":"P Satyagraha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Satyagraha, P. et al. TGF-\u03b21 effects on total collagen of the New Zealand rabbit\u2019s urethral wall (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in animal models of urethral stricture. Med. Arch. 77(3), 189\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/medarh.2023.77.189-193 (2023).","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"issue":"4","key":"44732_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23460","volume":"37","author":"HH Tavukcu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tavukcu, H. H. et al. Protective effect of platelet-rich plasma on urethral injury model of male rats. Neurourol. Urodyn. 37(4), 1286\u20131293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.23460 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"issue":"4","key":"44732_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2016.4.274","volume":"88","author":"M Scarcia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scarcia, M., Maselli, F. P., Cardo, G. & Ludovico, G. M. The use of autologous platelet rich plasma gel in bulbar and penile buccal mucosa urethroplasty: Preliminary report of our first series. Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl. 88(4), 274\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/aiua.2016.4.274 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44732-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44732-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44732-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:13:45Z","timestamp":1782861225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44732-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["44732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-44732-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The designs and the methods employed in this study were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of University of Brawijaya (No. 172\/KEP-UB\/2023; 13 October 2023), in accordance with international. Animal care and experimental procedures adhered to applicable guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"20000"}}