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Despite ongoing global and regional efforts, evidence on the prevalence and determinants of IPV across East African countries is limited, fragmented, and often focused on single countries. A more comprehensive, regional-level understanding is crucial to guide targeted interventions and policies This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of IPV among married women in East Africa by (1) estimating the prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual IPV across 12 countries, and (2) identifying individual-, household-, and community-level factors associated with IPV using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. By integrating multi-country data, the study seeks to generate region-wide evidence that can inform prevention strategies and policy responses to gender-based violence in East Africa. A nationwide community based cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 East African countries as part of the Demographic, and Health Survey (DHS) in the region. The study gathered data from 56,657 married women through structured questionnaires. Descriptive findings were presented as percentages with a 95% confidence interval. To identify factors associated with different types of IPV (physical, emotional, and sexual), a Generalized Structural EquationModel was used. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval were used to determine the significant factors related to IPV. The pooled prevalence of overall IPV in East Africa countries was 38.03% (95% CI: 33.23, 43.08). The highest prevalence of IPV was found in Uganda (53.24%), whereas the lowest was in Comoros (10%). Older age, secondary\/higher education, wealth, current working status, attitude towards wife beating, husband\u2019s educational status, husband\u2019s current working status, and husband\u2019s drinking alcohol were factors associated with physical violence. Regarding emotional violence, older age, primary education, wealth, media exposure, current working status, smoking cigarettes, women\u2019s decision-making autonomy, attitude towards wife beating, husband\u2019s education, and husband\u2019s drinking alcohol were significant factors. Finally, regarding sexual violence, factors such as rural residence, better education, wealth, working status, women\u2019s decision-making autonomy, husband\u2019s education, and husband\u2019s drinking alcohol were associated with it. The findings indicate a high prevalence of IPV among married women in East Africa. Key factors for physical violence include age, education, economic status, and attitudes toward domestic violence, while emotional and sexual violence are linked to women\u2019s decision-making autonomy and their partners\u2019 behaviors. To address IPV, comprehensive education and awareness programs are essential, emphasizing gender equality and healthy relationships. Additionally, policies should focus on enhancing women\u2019s economic empowerment and decision-making autonomy, supported by community initiatives to challenge harmful norms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-44933-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:26:37Z","timestamp":1773861997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generalized structural equation modeling of intimate partner violence among married women in East Africa using population-based data"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bewuketu","family":"Terefe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fentahun Bikale","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debela Nanesso","family":"Gatira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon Keflie","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalelet Fentaw","family":"Shiferaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nega Tezera","family":"Assimamaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsegereda Abebe","family":"Andargie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejen Kahsay","family":"Asgedom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"44933_CR1","unstructured":"Women, V. 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Policy Brief. 3 (7), 1\u20132 (2015).","journal-title":"Policy Brief."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44933-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44933-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44933-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:26:23Z","timestamp":1781641583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-44933-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["44933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-44933-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was conducted after obtaining a permission letter from\n                      \n                      on an online request to access East Africa countries DHS data after reviewing the brief descriptions of the survey submitted to the DHS program. The datasets were treated with the utmost confidence. This study was done based on secondary data from East Africa DHS. Issues related to informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy of the study participants are already handled ethically by the DHS office. We did not manipulate and apply the microdata other than in this study. There was no patient or public involvement in this study. All the methods were performed based on the declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical considerations and data set access"}}],"article-number":"14108"}}