{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T10:08:56Z","timestamp":1788084536835,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45081-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:04:47Z","timestamp":1774065887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nitrogen-doped carbon dot-based dual-emission ratiometric probe for smartphone-assisted ultrasensitive detection of moxifloxacin"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sewara J.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azad H.","family":"Alshatteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivan A.","family":"Abubakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"45081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.106823","volume":"107","author":"AS Abu Lila","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abu Lila, A. S., Moin, A. & Rizvi, S. M. D. Synergy of moxifloxacin loaded gold nanoparticles and resveratrol against ocular pathogens: A combinatorial approach against eye infections. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 107, 106823 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"45081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.126654","volume":"417","author":"FMS Costa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Costa, F. M. S., Saraiva, M. L. M. F. S. & Passos, M. L. C. Novel fluoroquinolone-based organic salts: Pioneering solutions in targeting bacterial DNA gyrase. J. Mol. Liq. 417, 126654 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"45081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.69857\/joapr.v13i3.1162","volume":"13","author":"N Hemnani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hemnani, N. & Suresh, P. K. Fabrication and study of release kinetics of moxifloxacin and dexamethasone loaded nanostructured lipid carrier system for ocular drug delivery. J. Appl. Pharm. Res. 13, 141\u2013153 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"45081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159788","volume":"858","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Evaluation of growth and antioxidant responses of freshwater microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus dimorphus under exposure of moxifloxacin. Sci. Total Environ. 858, 159788 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"45081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-024-06205-3","volume":"22","author":"Z Pitafi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pitafi, Z. et al. Efficient banana peel powder-based bio-sorbent for moxifloxacin adsorptive removal. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 8111\u20138122 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"45081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12080611","volume":"12","author":"L Wan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wan, L., Zhou, Y., Huang, R., Jiao, Y. & Gao, J. Toxicity of moxifloxacin on the growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant system, and metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa at different phosphorus levels. Toxics 12, 611 (2024).","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"45081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101361","volume":"11","author":"HC Lepper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lepper, H. C., Woolhouse, M. E. J. & Van Bunnik, B. A. D. The role of the environment in dynamics of antibiotic resistance in humans and animals: A modelling study. Antibiotics 11, 1361 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"45081_CR8","first-page":"67","volume":"32","author":"TY Matylonok","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matylonok, T. Y., Pakhomov, O. Y. & Polishchuck, N. M. Antibiotic-resistant microbiota of water and soil ecosystems as risk factors for human health. Ekol. Noosferol. 32, 67\u201370 (2021).","journal-title":"Ekol. Noosferol."},{"key":"45081_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.101969","volume":"14","author":"M Hossein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hossein, M. & Ripanda, A. S. Pollution by antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance genes in East Africa: Occurrence, sources, and potential environmental implications. Toxicol. Rep. 14, 101969 (2025).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"45081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03095","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03095-23","volume":"12","author":"W Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao, W. et al. Alterations in gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines after administration of antibiotics in mice. Microbiol. Spectr. 12, e03095-e3123 (2024).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"45081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-6-94","volume":"6","author":"SN Razzaq","year":"2012","unstructured":"Razzaq, S. N., Khan, I. U., Mariam, I. & Razzaq, S. S. Stability indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin and prednisolone in pharmaceutical formulations. Chem. Cent. J. 6, 94 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"45081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122397","volume":"1158","author":"X Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng, X. et al. Development and validation of a simple LC-MS\/MS method for simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, prothionamide, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in human plasma. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 1158, 122397 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"45081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612829666230515150730","volume":"29","author":"TAC Da Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Da Silva, T. A. C., Lustosa, I. A. & Kogawa, A. C. Moxifloxacin: Physical-chemical and microbiological analytical methods in the context of green analytical chemistry. CPD 29, 1166\u20131172 (2023).","journal-title":"CPD"},{"key":"45081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10050292","volume":"10","author":"SA Abdel-Gawad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdel-Gawad, S. A. & Altharawi, A. Simultaneous quantification of some fluoroquinolone residues in real wastewater effluents using CZE. Separations 10, 292 (2023).","journal-title":"Separations"},{"key":"45081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202060355","volume":"33","author":"AM Fekry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fekry, A. M., Abdel\u2010Gawad, S. A., Azab, S. M. & Walcarius, A. A sensitive electrochemical sensor for moxifloxacin hydrochloride based on Nafion\/graphene oxide\/zeolite modified carbon paste electrode. Electroanalysis 33, 964\u2013974 (2021).","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"45081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202405066","volume":"10","author":"YM Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed, Y. M., Galal, A. & Atta, N. F. Voltammetry determination of moxifloxacin, paracetamol, and vitamin C in serum samples using PEDOT\/CNT\u2010ILC\/Fe3 O4 nanocomposite sensor. ChemistrySelect 10, e05066 (2025).","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"45081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.2536","volume":"29","author":"YS Suh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suh, Y. S. et al. Chemiluminescence determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical and biological samples based on its enhancing effect of the luminol\u2013ferricyanide system using a microfluidic chip. Luminescence 29, 248\u2013253 (2014).","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"45081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-015-1433-4","volume":"38","author":"SM Wabaidur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wabaidur, S. M. et al. Flow-injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical tablets and human urine using silver nanoparticles sensitized calcein\u2013KMnO4 system. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 38, 1803\u20131810 (2015).","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"45081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.343175","volume":"1327","author":"BI Salman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salman, B. I., Hassan, A. I., Al-Harrasi, A., Ibrahim, A. E. & Saraya, R. E. Copper and nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots as green nano-probes for fluorimetric determination of delafloxacin; characterization and applications. Anal. Chim. Acta 1327, 343175 (2024).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"45081_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst15040320","volume":"15","author":"S Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, S. et al. An insight into synthesis, optical properties, and applications of green fluorescent carbon dots. Crystals 15, 320 (2025).","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"45081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17236","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR03740D","volume":"13","author":"J Wan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wan, J. et al. Highly fluorescent carbon dots as novel theranostic agents for biomedical applications. Nanoscale 13, 17236\u201317253 (2021).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"45081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31634","volume":"10","author":"ZA Qureshi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qureshi, Z. A., Dabash, H., Ponnamma, D. & Abbas, M. K. G. Carbon dots as versatile nanomaterials in sensing and imaging: Efficiency and beyond. Heliyon 10, e31634 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"45081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06838-8","volume":"191","author":"P Bhatt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhatt, P., Kukkar, D. & Yadav, A. K. Carbon dot-graphene oxide-based luminescent nanosensor for creatinine detection in human urine. Microchim. Acta 191, 1\u201312 (2024).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"45081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46084-1","volume":"13","author":"W Fawaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fawaz, W., Hasian, J. & Alghoraibi, I. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of carbon quantum dots produced from folic acid. Sci Rep 13, 18641 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"45081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06307-z","volume":"15","author":"K Kirubanithy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kirubanithy, K. & Santhanam, A. A pH-responsive nanocarrier of peanut shell carbon quantum dots as a promising delivery of doxorubicin for cancer therapy. Sci Rep 15, 33885 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"45081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cartre.2023.100276","volume":"12","author":"D Ozyurt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ozyurt, D., Kobaisi, M. A., Hocking, R. K. & Fox, B. Properties, synthesis, and applications of carbon dots: A review. Carbon Trends 12, 1\u201327 (2023).","journal-title":"Carbon Trends"},{"key":"45081_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24377","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c03934","volume":"19","author":"M Ghirardello","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghirardello, M., Ramos-Soriano, J. & Galan, M. C. Carbon Dots as an Emergent Class of Sustainable Antifungal Agents. ACS Nano 19, 24377\u201324403 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"45081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35088","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA06976A","volume":"13","author":"P Dubey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dubey, P. An overview on animal\/human biomass-derived carbon dots for optical sensing and bioimaging applications. RSC Adv. 13, 35088\u201335126 (2023).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"45081_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128014","volume":"292","author":"BI Salman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salman, B. I. et al. Comprehensive investigation of Prunus armeniaca for natural green synthesis of carbon quantum dots; Applications as fluorescent nano-probes for ramipril. Talanta 292, 128014 (2025).","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"45081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-024-03796-6","volume":"79","author":"YF Hassan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hassan, Y. F. et al. A promising green fluorimetric approach for analysis of edoxaban in real human plasma using green carbon dots decorated with terbium ions. Chem. Pap. 79, 497\u2013510 (2025).","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"45081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220169","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20220169","volume":"3","author":"W Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao, W. et al. Progress on quantum dot photocatalysts for biomass valorization. Exploration 3, 20220169 (2023).","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"45081_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20230166","volume":"4","author":"D Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. High\u2010yield upcycling of feather wastes into solid\u2010state ultra\u2010long phosphorescence carbon dots for advanced anticounterfeiting and information encryption. Exploration 4, 20230166 (2024).","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"45081_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8935","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01334J","volume":"8","author":"Y Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, Y. et al. Biocompatible nitrogen-doped carbon dots: synthesis, characterization, and application. J. Mater. Chem. B 8, 8935\u20138951 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"45081_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR05380F","volume":"6","author":"Z Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang, Z. et al. Nitrogen-doped, carbon-rich, highly photoluminescent carbon dots from ammonium citrate. Nanoscale 6, 1890\u20131895 (2014).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"45081_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8023","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01104","volume":"3","author":"A Saravanan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saravanan, A. et al. Applications of N-doped carbon dots as antimicrobial agents, antibiotic carriers, and selective fluorescent probes for nitro explosives. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 3, 8023\u20138031 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"45081_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.114444","volume":"12","author":"SJ Mohammed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammed, S. J. et al. A comprehensive review on nitrogen-doped carbon dots for antibacterial applications. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 12, 11444 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"45081_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB03103G","volume":"7","author":"Y Fu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Gao, G. & Zhi, J. Electrochemical synthesis of multicolor fluorescent N-doped graphene quantum dots as a ferric ion sensor and their application in bioimaging. J. Mater. Chem. B 7, 1494\u20131502 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"45081_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AN02084H","volume":"143","author":"Y Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Yang, Y., Tuersun, T., Yu, Y. & Zhi, J. Simple preparation and highly selective detection of silver ions using an electrochemical sensor based on sulfur-doped graphene and a 3,3\u2032,5,5\u2032-tetramethylbenzidine composite modified electrode. Analyst 143, 2076\u20132082 (2018).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"45081_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15663-9","volume":"15","author":"H-AS Tohamy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tohamy, H.-A.S. Beet root carbon dots cellulose sulfate film as a novel naked eye pH sensor for chromium and bacterial detection in tomatoes. Sci. Rep. 15, 30235 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45081_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19875-x","volume":"15","author":"H-AS Tohamy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tohamy, H.-A.S. Amylopectin xerogel with onion based sulfur nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots as a chemosensor for chromium and biosensor for microbial spoilage in tomatoes. Sci. Rep. 15, 32667 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45081_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10294-6","volume":"15","author":"H-AS Tohamy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tohamy, H.-A.S. A novel anthocyanins hydroxyethyl cellulose film for intelligent chicken meat packaging with mechanical study, DFT calculations and molecular docking study. Sci. Rep. 15, 27311 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45081_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AN02187D","volume":"149","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Xiao, J., Zhong, G., Xu, T. & Zhang, X. Design and application of dual-emission metal\u2013organic framework-based ratiometric fluorescence sensors. Analyst 149, 1381\u20131397 (2024).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"45081_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB01931F","volume":"8","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, L., Song, Y. & Wang, L. Multi-emission metal\u2013organic framework composites for multicomponent ratiometric fluorescence sensing: Recent developments and future challenges. J. Mater. Chem. B 8, 3292\u20133315 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"45081_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5117","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-15-5117-2022","volume":"15","author":"D Furuta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Furuta, D. et al. Characterization of inexpensive metal oxide sensor performance for trace methane detection. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 15, 5117\u20135128 (2022).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"45081_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137717","volume":"436","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Highly sensitive ratiometric fluorescence detection of tetracycline residues in food samples based on Eu\/Zr-MOF. Food Chem. 436, 137717 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12377","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b02917","volume":"91","author":"P Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Fu, C., Zhang, Q., Li, S. & Ding, C. Ratiometric fluorescent strategy for localizing alkaline phosphatase activity in mitochondria based on the ESIPT process. Anal. Chem. 91, 12377\u201312383 (2019).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40043","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA05645D","volume":"15","author":"SA Abubakr","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abubakr, S. A., Mohammed, S. J. & Alshatteri, A. H. Dual-emission nitrogen-doped carbon dots for ratiometric and smartphone-based detection of levofloxacin. RSC Adv. 15, 40043\u201340055 (2025).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"45081_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-06065-7","volume":"190","author":"T Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. Smartphone-integrated ratiometric fluorescence sensing platform based on bimetallic metal\u2013organic framework nanowires for anthrax biomarker detection. Microchim Acta 190, 484 (2023).","journal-title":"Microchim Acta"},{"key":"45081_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1039\/D4AY00027G","volume":"16","author":"P Mool-am-kha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mool-am-kha, P. et al. A portable fluorescence detection device based on a smartphone employing carbon nanodots for Mn2+ sensing. Anal. Methods 16, 2101\u20132110 (2024).","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"45081_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.06.035","volume":"1079","author":"A Bigdeli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bigdeli, A. et al. Ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobes for visual detection: Design principles and recent advances - A review. Anal. Chim. Acta 1079, 30\u201358 (2019).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"45081_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115053","volume":"23","author":"P Nath","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nath, P., Mahtaba, K. R. & Ray, A. Fluorescence-based portable assays for detection of biological and chemical analytes. Sensors 23, 5053 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"45081_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14340","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA01646C","volume":"13","author":"SJ Mohammed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammed, S. J., Omer, K. M. & Hawaiz, F. E. Deep insights to explain the mechanism of carbon dot formation at various reaction times using the hydrothermal technique: FT-IR, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and UV-visible spectroscopic approaches. RSC Adv. 13, 14340\u201314349 (2023).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"45081_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA07686G","volume":"10","author":"Qurrat-Ul-Ain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qurrat-Ul-Ain, et al. Anionic azo dyes removal from water using amine-functionalized cobalt-iron oxide nanoparticles: A comparative time-dependent study and structural optimization towards the removal mechanism. RSC Adv. 10, 1021\u20131041 (2019).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"45081_CR54","first-page":"7","volume":"07","author":"A Ou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ou, A. & Bo, I. Chitosan hydrogels and their glutaraldehyde-crosslinked counterparts as potential drug release and tissue engineering systems - synthesis, characterization, swelling kinetics and mechanism. J. Phys. Chem. Biophys. 07(1), 7 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Biophys."},{"key":"45081_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17081061","volume":"17","author":"HD Almutairi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Almutairi, H. D., Abdel-Motaal, M., Sharaky, M. & Mohamed, N. A. Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel pyrazole cross-linked chitosan derivatives modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles for boosting their anticancer activity. Polymers (Basel) 17, 1061 (2025).","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"45081_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13085162","volume":"13","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X., He, X. & Wang, X. FTIR analysis of the functional group composition of coal tar residue extracts and extractive residues. Appl. Sci. (Basel) 13, 5162 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. (Basel)"},{"key":"45081_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7800","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201301114","volume":"52","author":"Y Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dong, Y. et al. Carbon-based dots co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur for high quantum yield and excitation-independent emission. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 7800\u20137804 (2013).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"45081_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12927","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA00788G","volume":"3","author":"FN Ajjan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ajjan, F. N., Jafari, M. J., R\u0119bi\u015b, T., Ederth, T. & Ingan\u00e4s, O. Spectroelectrochemical investigation of redox states in a polypyrrole\/lignin composite electrode material. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 12927\u201312937 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"45081_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-025-02949-2","author":"E Atangana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Atangana, E. et al. Synthesis and effect of covalent crosslinking agents (aldehyde groups) on properties of maize corn cob cellulose-chitosan gel beads and antimicrobial assay. Waste Biomass Valor. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12649-025-02949-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valor."},{"key":"45081_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9050184","volume":"9","author":"C Tan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan, C., Tirri, T. & Wilen, C.-E. Investigation on the influence of chain extenders on the performance of one-component moisture-curable polyurethane adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 9, 184 (2017).","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"45081_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.12.001","volume":"10","author":"C Christou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Christou, C., Agapiou, A. & Kokkinofta, R. Use of FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for the classification of carobs origin. J. Adv. Res. 10, 1\u20138 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"45081_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44345-025-00021-z","volume":"2","author":"S Dhibar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dhibar, S. et al. Development of two semiconducting supramolecular metallogels of Cd(II)- and Hg(II)-ions from 5-aminoisophthalic acid gelator for high-performance Schottky diodes and advanced microelectronic applications. Discov. Mol. 2, 11 (2025).","journal-title":"Discov. Mol."},{"key":"45081_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44345-024-00002-8","volume":"1","author":"SP Biswal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biswal, S. P., Hota, P., Dash, M. R. & Misra, P. K. Theoretical interpretation of electron delocalization potential of the substituent in o-hydroxynaphthalidene-p-substituted anilines for prospective molecular electronics applications. Discov. Mol. 1, 2 (2024).","journal-title":"Discov. Mol."},{"key":"45081_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13733","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13733","volume":"30","author":"M Al-Kelani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Kelani, M. & Buthelezi, N. Advancements in medical research: Exploring Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for tissue, cell, and hair sample analysis. Skin Res. Technol. 30, 13733 (2024).","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"45081_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/ZENODO.15861025","author":"SK Maddina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maddina, S. K. & Kandru, A. Identification of Functional Groups and Chemical Profiling of Ipomoea parasitica Using FTIR Spectroscopy. IJCRT Res. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.15861025 (2025)."},{"key":"45081_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19893","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ03725F","volume":"42","author":"H-L Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, H.-L. et al. The recognition and electrochemiluminescence response of benzo[6]urils to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. New J. Chem. 42, 19893\u201319900 (2018).","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1021\/jp3122962","volume":"117","author":"DJ Nelson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelson, D. J. & Kumar, R. Effect of single-walled carbon nanotube association upon1 H NMR spectra of amines. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 3160\u20133168 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"45081_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2009.06.021","volume":"934","author":"R Aggarwal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aggarwal, R., Sumran, G., Claramunt, R. M., Sanz, D. & Elguero, J. Synthesis and structural characterization of pyrazol-1\u2032-ylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. J. Mol. Struct. 934, 96\u2013102 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"45081_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10296","volume":"40","author":"K Hatada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hatada, K., Kitayama, T., Nishiura, T. & Shibuya, W. Relation between the reactivities of vinyl monomers in ionic polymerizations and their1 H NMR spectra. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 40, 2134\u20132147 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13643","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190913643","volume":"19","author":"P Charisiadis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charisiadis, P. et al. 1H-NMR as a structural and analytical tool of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds of phenol-containing natural products and model compounds. Molecules 19, 13643\u201313682 (2014).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"45081_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2008.10.010","volume":"28","author":"F Du","year":"2009","unstructured":"Du, F., Zhang, B., Zhou, H., Yan, B. & Chen, L. Structure elucidation of nanoparticle-bound organic molecules by 1H NMR. TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 28, 88\u201395 (2009).","journal-title":"TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133808","volume":"26","author":"G Matulevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matulevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, G. et al. Synthesis and characterization of novel methyl (3)5-(n-boc-piperidinyl)-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxylates. Molecules 26, 1\u201322 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"45081_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamal Raj Sapkota. Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural Elucidation of a Novel (E)-1-(1-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) -N-(1-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methanimine. 2025\u201303\u201331 4,.","DOI":"10.3126\/ijmr.v4i1.76932"},{"key":"45081_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8668","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.4c00602","volume":"89","author":"S Daniel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daniel, S. et al. Utilization of 13C NMR Carbon Shifts for the Attribution of Diastereomers in Methyl-Substituted Cyclohexanes. J. Organic Chem. 89, 8668\u20138675 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Organic Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7658","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b03733","volume":"140","author":"P Duan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duan, P. et al. The chemical structure of carbon nanothreads analyzed by advanced solid-state NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 7658\u20137666 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"45081_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1021\/np5008679","volume":"78","author":"Y-N Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, Y.-N. et al. NMR Spectroscopic Method for the Assignment of 3,5-Dioxygenated Aromatic Rings in Natural Products. J. Nat. Prod. 78, 705\u2013711 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"45081_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE00402F","volume":"14","author":"GH Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, G. H. et al. Modularly aromatic-knit graphitizable phenolic network as a tailored platform for electrochemical applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 3203\u20133215 (2021).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"45081_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.55124\/bmc.v1i1.22","volume":"1","author":"E Uriarte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uriarte, E., Borges, F. & Gaspar, A. Synthesis and structural elucidation of a series of isoflavones-based on FPR antagonists. BMC 1, 10\u201316 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC"},{"key":"45081_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6872","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10624","volume":"15","author":"L Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Kilogram-scale synthesis and functionalization of carbon dots for superior electrochemical potassium storage. ACS Nano 15, 6872\u20136885 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"45081_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2019.116640","volume":"215","author":"J Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, J., He, Y., Zhang, Z., Lei, B. & Wu, W. Synthesis of high-efficient red carbon dots for pH detection. J. Lumin. 215, 116640 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"45081_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50397-5","volume":"9","author":"A Dager","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dager, A., Uchida, T., Maekawa, T. & Tachibana, M. Synthesis and characterization of mono-disperse carbon quantum dots from fennel seeds: Photoluminescence analysis using machine learning. Sci. Rep. 9, 1\u201312 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45081_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10508","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA01259J","volume":"13","author":"J Hou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hou, J., Gao, X., Bao, S., Liu, S. & Yang, G. Yellow emissive nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a fluorescence probe for the sensitive and selective detection of silver ions. RSC Adv. 13, 10508\u201310512 (2023).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"45081_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14081005","volume":"14","author":"X Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, X., Shum, W.W.-Y. & Tsoi, J.K.-H. Ultra-structural surface characteristics of dental silane monolayers. Coatings 14, 1005 (2024).","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"45081_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17535-8","volume":"15","author":"BI Salman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salman, B. I. Synthesis of highly fluorescent green carbon quantum dots from Prunus armeniaca for the determination of lisinopril in human plasma. Sci. Rep. 15, 32502 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45081_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5980","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.17239","volume":"89","author":"W Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, W. et al. Custom-printed microfluidic chips using simultaneous ratiometric fluorescence with \u201cgreen\u201d carbon dots for detection of multiple antibiotic residues in pork and water samples. J. Food Sci. 89, 5980\u20135992 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"45081_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1334643","volume":"89","author":"JP Zhao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhao, J. P. et al. Structural and bonding properties of carbon nitride films synthesized by low energy nitrogen-ion-beam-assisted pulsed laser deposition with different laser fluences. J. Appl. Phys. 89, 1634\u20131640 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"45081_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2023.136422","volume":"1294","author":"S Mathew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathew, S., John, B. K., Mathew, J., Korah, B. K. & Mathew, D. B. Green synthesized carbon dots as antibiotics sensor and fluorescent ink. J. Mol. Struct. 1294, 136422 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"45081_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2619-z","volume":"185","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly luminescent N- and S-co-doped carbon dots as a ratiometric fluorescent probe for levofloxacin. Microchim. Acta. 185, 104 (2018).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta."},{"key":"45081_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12030543","volume":"12","author":"EA Stepanidenko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stepanidenko, E. A. et al. Carbon dots with an emission in the near infrared produced from organic dyes in porous silica microsphere templates. Nanomaterials 12, 1\u201314 (2022).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"45081_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.05.055","volume":"167","author":"M Ayiania","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayiania, M., Weiss-Hortala, E., Smith, M., McEwen, J.-S. & Garcia-Perez, M. Microstructural analysis of nitrogen-doped char by Raman spectroscopy: Raman shift analysis from first principles. Carbon 167, 559\u2013574 (2020).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"45081_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4859","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c01274","volume":"11","author":"SA Evlashin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Evlashin, S. A. et al. Role of nitrogen and oxygen in capacitance formation of carbon nanowalls. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 4859\u20134865 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"45081_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8438","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00684A","volume":"47","author":"Y Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Sun, X., Su, D. S., Centi, G. & Perathoner, S. Catalysis by hybrid sp2 \/sp3 nanodiamonds and their role in the design of advanced nanocarbon materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 8438\u20138473 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"45081_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.02.018","volume":"43","author":"A Sadezky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sadezky, A., Muckenhuber, H., Grothe, H., Niessner, R. & P\u00f6schl, U. Raman microspectroscopy of soot and related carbonaceous materials: Spectral analysis and structural information. Carbon 43, 1731\u20131742 (2005).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"45081_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031456","volume":"23","author":"W Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, W. et al. Synthesis mechanisms, structural models, and photothermal therapy applications of top-down carbon dots from carbon powder, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. IJMS 23, 1456 (2022).","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"45081_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.201000247","volume":"247","author":"A Jorio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jorio, A. et al. Measuring disorder in graphene with the G and D bands. Physica Status Solidi (b) 247, 2980\u20132982 (2010).","journal-title":"Physica Status Solidi (b)"},{"key":"45081_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.04.037","volume":"573","author":"X Qian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qian, X., Li, N., Imerhasan, M. & Wang, W. Conversion of low molecular weight hydrogel to nitrogen-doped carbon materials and its application as supercapacitor. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 573, 255\u2013261 (2019).","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects"},{"key":"45081_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2024.115944","volume":"458","author":"P Krishnaiah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Krishnaiah, P. et al. A sustainable synthesis and applications of biomass waste-derived tunable fluorescent carbon dots: In vitro and in vivo fluorescent imaging. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 458, 115944 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol., A"},{"key":"45081_CR98","first-page":"012023","volume":"2733","author":"RYM Siregar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siregar, R. Y. M. et al. Manufacture of bagasse activated carbon using H2 SO4 activator. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2733, 012023 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"45081_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s40089-019-0271-9","volume":"9","author":"SK Bajpai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bajpai, S. K., D\u2019Souza, A. & Suhail, B. Blue light-emitting carbon dots (CDs) from a milk protein and their interaction with Spinacia oleracea leaf cells. Int. Nano Lett. 9, 203\u2013212 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Nano Lett."},{"key":"45081_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC08659G","volume":"16","author":"D Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai, D. et al. Biomass-derived carbon dots: Synthesis, modification and application in batteries. Chem. Sci. 16, 4937\u20134970 (2025).","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"45081_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4887","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16538","volume":"19","author":"L Morbiato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morbiato, L. et al. Structure Matters: Tailored Graphitization of Carbon Dots Enhances Photocatalytic Performance. ACS Nano 19, 4887\u20134900 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"45081_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1021\/acssusresmgt.3c00048","volume":"1","author":"MA Ahmad Farid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmad Farid, M. A., Lease, J., Zheng, A. L. T., Tsubota, T. & Andou, Y. Structural metamorphosis of graphitic derivatives produced from fractionated bamboo lignin. ACS Sustain. Resour. Manag. 1, 97\u2013113 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"45081_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6325","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S119252","volume":"11","author":"S Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu, S. et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots with real-time live-cell imaging and blood–brain barrier penetration capabilities. IJN 11, 6325\u20136336 (2016).","journal-title":"IJN"},{"key":"45081_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13845","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA07180K","volume":"13","author":"S Dua","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dua, S. et al. Stability of carbon quantum dots: a critical review. RSC Adv. 13, 13845\u201313861 (2023).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"45081_CR105","volume":"10","author":"HF Etefa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Etefa, H. F., Tessema, A. A. & Dejene, F. B. Carbon dots for future prospects: Synthesis, characterizations and recent applications: A review (2019\u20132023). C 10, 60 (2024).","journal-title":"C"},{"key":"45081_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2953-9","volume":"185","author":"F Yan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yan, F. et al. Surface modification and chemical functionalization of carbon dots: a review. Microchim. Acta. 185, 424 (2018).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta."},{"key":"45081_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics11060262","volume":"11","author":"H Shabbir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shabbir, H., Csap\u00f3, E. & Wojnicki, M. Carbon quantum dots: The role of surface functional groups and proposed mechanisms for metal ion sensing. Inorganics 11, 262 (2023).","journal-title":"Inorganics"},{"key":"45081_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB00021F","volume":"7","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Nitrogen doped carbon dots: Mechanism investigation and their application for label free CA125 analysis. J. Mater. Chem. B 7, 3053\u20133058 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"45081_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30092068","volume":"30","author":"H Yorozuya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yorozuya, H. et al. Synthesis and fluorescence mechanism of nitrogen-doped carbon dots utilizing biopolymer and urea. Molecules 30, 2068 (2025).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"45081_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2020.109589","volume":"180","author":"HJ Yashwanth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yashwanth, H. J. et al. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of N, P, co-doped carbon quantum dots: An insight from experimental and computational approach. Vacuum 180, 109589 (2020).","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"45081_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27071-4","volume":"12","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Wang, R., Feng, B., Zhong, X. & Ostrikov, K. Photoluminescence mechanism of carbon dots: Triggering high-color-purity red fluorescence emission through edge amino protonation. Nat. Commun. 12, 6856 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"45081_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2010.06.034","volume":"4","author":"MG Abd El Wahed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abd El Wahed, M. G., Elmesallamy, M. A., Kater, H. M., El Gamel, M. M. & Khalil, N. A. Physical characterization of some complexes of organic nitrogen donor compounds. Arab. J. Chem. 4, 169\u2013178 (2011).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR113","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"KG Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen, K. G. et al. Investigating the effect of N-doping on carbon quantum dots structure, optical properties and metal ion screening. Sci. Rep. 12, 1\u201312 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45081_CR114","first-page":"36","volume":"11","author":"HN Abdelhamid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, H. N. N, S-doped carbon dots (N, S-CDs) for Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) detection. C 11, 36 (2025).","journal-title":"C"},{"key":"45081_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16893-x","volume":"12","author":"KG Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen, K. G. et al. Investigating the effect of N-doping on carbon quantum dots structure, optical properties and metal ion screening. Sci. Rep. 12, 13806 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45081_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2020.117792","volume":"231","author":"D Kandi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kandi, D., Mansingh, S., Behera, A. & Parida, K. Calculation of relative fluorescence quantum yield and Urbach energy of colloidal CdS QDs in various easily accessible solvents. J. Lumin. 231, 117792 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"45081_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2367-0","volume":"184","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of N-doped carbon dots for selective fluorescent sensing and cellular imaging of cobalt(II). Microchim. Acta 184, 3825\u20133831 (2017).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"45081_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.118580","volume":"240","author":"Y Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo, Y. & Zhao, W. Hydrothermal synthesis of highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots with good biocompatibility and the application for sensing ellagic acid. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 240, 118580 (2020).","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"45081_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201600234","volume":"1","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kobayashi, K., Maruebi, J. & Kirimura, K. Bioproduction of trans- Aconitic Acid from Citric Acid by whole-cell reaction of Escherichia coli heterologously expressing the aconitate isomerase gene from Pseudomonas sp. WU-0701. ChemistrySelect 1, 1467\u20131471 (2016).","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"45081_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8142","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201400170","volume":"53","author":"MR Monaco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Monaco, M. R., Pr\u00e9vost, S. & List, B. Organocatalytic asymmetric hydrolysis of epoxides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 53, 8142\u20138145 (2014).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"45081_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9232","DOI":"10.1039\/C9OB01605H","volume":"17","author":"B Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu, B. et al. The mechanism and structure\u2013activity relationship of amide bond formation by silane derivatives: A computational study. Org. Biomol. Chem. 17, 9232\u20139242 (2019).","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.115014","volume":"149","author":"SJ Mohammed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammed, S. J., Hawaiz, F. E., Aziz, S. B. & Al-Jaf, S. H. Organic soluble nitrogen-doped carbon dots (ONCDs) to reduce the optical band gap of PVC polymer: Breakthrough in polymer composites with improved optical properties. Opt. Mater. 149, 1\u201316 (2024).","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"45081_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020787","volume":"23","author":"R Atchudan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atchudan, R. et al. Natural nitrogen-doped carbon dots obtained from hydrothermal carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and their sensing ability toward heavy metal ions. Sensors (Basel) 23, 787 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"45081_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18468","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR02655A","volume":"16","author":"US Sayyad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sayyad, U. S., Waghmare, S. & Mondal, S. A proton-coupled electron transfer process from functionalized carbon dots to molecular substrates: The role of pH. Nanoscale 16, 18468\u201318476 (2024).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"45081_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA08809B","volume":"12","author":"JS Boruah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boruah, J. S., Sankaranarayanan, K. & Chowdhury, D. Insight into carbon quantum dot\u2013vesicles interactions: Role of functional groups. RSC Adv. 12, 4382\u20134394 (2022).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"45081_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126172","volume":"314","author":"R Jalili","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalili, R., Khataee, A., Rashidi, M.-R. & Razmjou, A. Detection of penicillin G residues in milk based on dual-emission carbon dots and molecularly imprinted polymers. Food Chem. 314, 126172 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110611","volume":"164","author":"KF Kayani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kayani, K. F. et al. Ratiometric fluorescence detection of tetracycline in milk and tap water with smartphone assistance for visual pH sensing using innovative dual-emissive phosphorus-doped carbon dots. Food Control 164, 1\u201312 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"45081_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13482","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA00906A","volume":"14","author":"J Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, J. et al. Determination of moxifloxacin in milk using a ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on Ag-MOF@curcumin. RSC Adv. 14, 13482\u201313488 (2024).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"45081_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-6-105","volume":"6","author":"M Attimarad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Attimarad, M. et al. Simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin and cefixime by first and ratio first derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Chem. Cent. J. 6, 105 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"45081_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102797","volume":"20","author":"M Shehata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shehata, M., Fekry, A. M. & Walcarius, A. Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride electrochemical detection at gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed electrode. Sensors 20, 2797 (2020).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"45081_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710600964817","volume":"40","author":"R \u0130nam","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u0130nam, R., Mercan, H., Y\u0131lmaz, E. & Uslu, B. Differential pulse polarographic determination of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Anal. Lett. 40, 529\u2013546 (2007).","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"45081_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071196","volume":"16","author":"M Attimarad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Attimarad, M., Shahzad Chohan, M. & Ahmed Balgoname, A. Simultaneous determination of Moxifloxacin and Flavoxate by RP-HPLC and ecofriendly derivative spectrophotometry methods in formulations. IJERPH 16, 1196 (2019).","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"45081_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000400008","volume":"43","author":"AA Abdelaziz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abdelaziz, A. A., Elbanna, T. E. & Gamaleldeen, N. M. Validated microbiological and HPLC methods for the determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma. Braz. J. Microbiol. 43, 1291\u20131301 (2012).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"45081_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532008000300004","volume":"19","author":"AF Faria","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faria, A. F., Souza, M. V. N. D. & Oliveira, M. A. L. D. Validation of a capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin and ofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 19, 389\u2013396 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"45081_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-022-00192-6","volume":"38","author":"MN Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, M. N., Zaman, N., Mursaleen, M., Naz, F. & Ullah, Z. Eco-friendly approach for determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids through fluorescence quenching of eosin Y.. Anal. Sci. 38, 1541\u20131547 (2022).","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"45081_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10076","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01887","volume":"92","author":"F Pena-Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pena-Pereira, F., Wojnowski, W. & Tobiszewski, M. AGREE\u2014Analytical greenness metric approach and software. Anal. Chem. 92, 10076\u201310082 (2020).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"45081_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8657","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC02318G","volume":"23","author":"J P\u0142otka-Wasylka","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u0142otka-Wasylka, J. & Wojnowski, W. Complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI) and software.. Green Chem. 23, 8657\u20138665 (2021).","journal-title":"Green Chem."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45081-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45081-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45081-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:02:48Z","timestamp":1778047368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45081-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-45081-4","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/ZENODO.15861025","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7576753\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14354"}}