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To further comprehend its influences on the population\u2019s perceptions about vaccination, we conducted a cross-sectional study that aimed to evaluate the trends and determinants of vaccine hesitancy before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, in Campo Grande, a state capital in Brazil. Data was collected through household interviews conducted between 2022 and 2023, using questions addressing both the pre- and post-pandemic periods. Information on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, and the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses received was collected. Vaccine hesitancy over time was assessed using the World Health Organization 10-item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS), applied retrospectively to the periods before and after the beginning of the pandemic. Positive items were reverse-scored so that higher score indicated greater vaccine hesitancy. Some items of the VHS were aligned in two factors (lack of trust and risk perception) and two bivariable and two linear regression models were performed to describe the association between the variables and those factors. We observed an increase in both factors and in the overall VHS score after the onset of the pandemic. Lower trust was associated with older age, whereas lower COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was associated with a higher number of COVID-19 vaccine doses received. Increased risk perception was associated with higher COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. These findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to an overall rise in vaccine hesitancy in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45085-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T08:15:47Z","timestamp":1774426547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine hesitancy in a Brazilian state capital"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"dos Santos Conrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisany Krug","family":"Mareto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micael Viana","family":"de Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Cesar Pereira","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Serrano Ramires","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laysa Gomes","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samara Tessari","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Suemi","family":"Arakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Raquel Pinto","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robson Fran\u00e7a","family":"Gomes e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Mayer","family":"Pucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Guilherme","family":"de Novaes Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor","family":"Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda","family":"de Souza Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio Jos\u00e9","family":"de Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Sayuri","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elizabeth Ara\u00fajo","family":"Ajalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Du Bocage Santos-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everton Falc\u00e3o","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"45085_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245868","volume":"16","author":"AP Serafim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Serafim, A. 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