{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:51:57Z","timestamp":1781650317459,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002465","name":"Daejeon University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic and disabling pain disorder with limited nationwide epidemiological data. We conducted a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study using Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service data from 2013 to 2022. CRPS cases were identified using Korean Classification of Diseases codes. Annual incidence and prevalence per 100,000 population were calculated and stratified by subtype, sex, and age. Crude rates showed a consistent decline in CRPS type I incidence and prevalence during the study period. Temporal trends were evaluated using negative binomial regression. Model 1 estimated overall temporal trends while adjusting for age and sex. CRPS type I demonstrated significant annual declines in incidence (20.5 to 6.5; IRR\u2009=\u20090.91,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and prevalence (30.6 to 16.8; PR\u2009=\u20090.93,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas type II showed no significant changes. Model 2 incorporated interaction terms between calendar year and demographic variables to assess subgroup differences. Although the overall decreasing trend for type I remained significant, age\u2013year interactions were identified, with individuals aged\u2009\u2265\u200980 years demonstrating stable or modestly increasing patterns. These findings reveal subtype-specific temporal patterns and demographic heterogeneity in nationwide CRPS trends, offering updated epidemiological data to support future CRPS healthcare planning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45686-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T03:25:23Z","timestamp":1776050723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nationwide population based epidemiological characteristics of complex regional pain syndrome in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sohyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok-Ju","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joung Hwan","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minseok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Gue","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"45686_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-016-0066-4","volume":"5","author":"EL Goh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goh, E. L., Chidambaram, S. & Ma, D. Complex regional pain syndrome: a recent update. Burns Trauma. 5, 2 (2017).","journal-title":"Burns Trauma."},{"key":"45686_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00076-0","volume":"23","author":"MC Ferraro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferraro, M. C. et al. Complex regional pain syndrome: advances in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 23, 449\u2013463 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"45686_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001095","volume":"84","author":"F Birklein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Birklein, F., O\u2019Neill, D. & Schlereth, T. Complex regional pain syndrome: An optimistic perspective. Neurology 84, 89\u201396 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"45686_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S423733","volume":"16","author":"B Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen, B., Pan, Y., Cheng, J., Xu, L. & Xu, J. The role of neuroinflammation in complex regional pain syndrome: a comprehensive review. J. Pain Res. 16, 3061\u20133073 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"45686_CR5","unstructured":"Merskey, H. & Bogduk, N. (eds) Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms 2nd edn (IASP, 1994)."},{"key":"45686_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.030","volume":"123","author":"H Shim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shim, H., Rose, J., Halle, S. & Shekane, P. Complex regional pain syndrome: a narrative review for the practising clinician. Br. J. Anaesth. 123, e424\u2013e433 (2019).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"45686_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00909.x","volume":"11","author":"RN Harden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harden, R. N. Objectification of the Diagnostic Criteria for CRPS. Pain Med. 11, 1212\u20131215 (2010).","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"45686_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.10.007","volume":"141","author":"M de Mos","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Mos, M. et al. Estrogens and the risk of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Pain 141, 52\u201359 (2009).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385889","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2024.1385889","volume":"5","author":"J Devarajan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Devarajan, J., Mena, S. & Cheng, J. Mechanisms of complex regional pain syndrome. Front. Pain Res. 5, 1385889 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Pain Res."},{"key":"45686_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harden, R. N. et al. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Practical Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines, 5th Edition. Pain Med. 23, S1-S53 (2022).","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac046"},{"key":"45686_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.030","volume":"150","author":"RN Harden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harden, R. N. et al. Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the Budapest Criteria) for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 150, 268\u2013274 (2010).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00011-1","volume":"81","author":"S Bruehl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bruehl, S. et al. External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. Pain 81, 147\u2013154 (1999).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00065-4","volume":"103","author":"P Sandroni","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sandroni, P., Benrud-Larson, L. M., McClelland, R. L. & Low, P. A. Complex regional pain syndrome type I: incidence and prevalence in Olmsted county, a population-based study. Pain 103, 199\u2013207 (2003).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.008","volume":"129","author":"M de Mos","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Mos, M. et al. The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome: a population-based study. Pain 129, 12\u201320 (2007).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198147","volume":"13","author":"H Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, H. et al. Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome in Korea: An electronic population health data study. PLoS One. 13, e0198147 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"45686_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2021.34.3.322","volume":"34","author":"SH Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, S. H., Kim, Y. C. & Kim, Y. D. A Korean nationwide investigation of the national trend of complex regional pain syndrome vis-\u00e0-vis age-structural transformations. Korean J. Pain. 34, 322\u2013330 (2021).","journal-title":"Korean J. Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR17","unstructured":"Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Healthcare Big Data Hub. HIRA (2023). https:\/\/opendata.hira.or.kr\/home.do"},{"key":"45686_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-20","volume":"10","author":"RS Perez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perez, R. S. et al. Evidence based guidelines for complex regional pain syndrome type 1. BMC Neurol. 10, 20 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"45686_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70106-5","volume":"10","author":"J Marinus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marinus, J. et al. Clinical features and pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 10, 637\u2013648 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"45686_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldac034","volume":"146","author":"A Saed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saed, A. et al. Management of complex regional pain syndrome in trauma and orthopaedic surgery\u2014a systematic review. Br. Med. Bull. 146, 27\u201342 (2023).","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"45686_CR21","first-page":"CD009416","volume":"4","author":"NE O\u2019Connell","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell, N. E. et al. Interventions for treating pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD009416 (2013).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"45686_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12489","volume":"59","author":"M Bussa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bussa, M. et al. Complex regional pain syndrome type I: a comprehensive review. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 59, 685\u2013697 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"45686_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1784","volume":"25","author":"A Goebel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goebel, A. et al. The Liverpool algorithm for complex regional pain syndrome: a clinical tool to help patient stratification for effective treatment. Eur. J. Pain. 25, 1739\u20131751 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2018.20","volume":"14","author":"F Birklein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Birklein, F., Ajit, S. K., Goebel, A., Perez, R. S. G. M. & Sommer, C. Complex regional pain syndrome - phenotypic characteristics and potential biomarkers. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 14, 272\u2013284 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"45686_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1390","volume":"23","author":"GAJ van Velzen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Velzen, G. A. J. et al. Sex matters in complex regional pain syndrome. Eur. J. Pain. 23, 1283\u20131291 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.01.004","volume":"19","author":"S Ott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ott, S. & Maih\u00f6fner, C. Signs and symptoms in 1,043 patients with complex regional pain syndrome. J. Pain. 19, 599\u2013611 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR27","first-page":"1171","volume":"139","author":"RS D\u2019Souza","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza, R. S. et al. Global Burden of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in At-Risk Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Anesth. Analg. 139, 1171\u20131187 (2024).","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg"},{"key":"45686_CR28","first-page":"296","volume":"148","author":"A Beerthuizen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beerthuizen, A. et al. Demographic and medical parameters in the development of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1): prospective study on 596 patients with a fracture. Pain 148, 296\u2013302 (2010).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"45686_CR29","first-page":"60","volume":"51","author":"F Brunner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brunner, F. et al. Differences in bone mineral density in upper limb complex regional pain syndrome 1. Bone 51, 60\u201365 (2012).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"45686_CR30","first-page":"481","volume":"19","author":"H Shim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shim, H. et al. Peripheral and central sensitization in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Pain Physician. 19, 481\u2013496 (2016).","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"45686_CR31","first-page":"1813","volume":"64","author":"L Ferrucci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferrucci, L. et al. Aging and Multimorbidity: New Tasks, Priorities, and Frontiers for Integrated Gerontological and Clinical Research. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 64, 1813\u20131820 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45686-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45686-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45686-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:54:02Z","timestamp":1781646842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45686-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-45686-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17003"}}