{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:52:28Z","timestamp":1781650348242,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The escalating global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the urgent discovery of novel therapeutic agents from underexplored plant sources. The genus\n                    <jats:italic>Lycium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Solanaceae) is renowned for its rich phytochemistry, yet\n                    <jats:italic>Lycium edgeworthii<\/jats:italic>\n                    Dunal remains scientifically unexplored. This study presents the first comprehensive phytochemical profiling and antibacterial evaluation of\n                    <jats:italic>L. edgeworthii<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf ethanolic extract against clinically relevant multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. The extract was prepared via Soxhlet extraction (yield: 8.7% w\/w) and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening using standard protocols. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive (\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    MTCC 96,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    MTCC 121) and Gram-negative (\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    MTCC 443,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    MTCC 424) bacteria using agar well diffusion and resazurin-based microdilution broth assays to determine zones of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, and glycosides. The extract exhibited significant, dose-dependent antibacterial activity. In the well diffusion assay, the largest inhibition zone was observed against\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (12.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00a0mm at 100\u00a0mg\/mL). However, MIC determination revealed greater efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MIC\u2009=\u20090.39\u00a0mg\/mL) and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MIC\u2009=\u20090.78\u00a0mg\/mL), with higher MICs for\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.56\u00a0mg\/mL). This discrepancy between ZOI and MIC highlights the importance of employing complementary assays and suggests differential compound diffusion properties. The ethanolic leaf extract of\n                    <jats:italic>L. edgeworthii<\/jats:italic>\n                    possesses a diverse phytochemical profile and demonstrates significant, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro. Its notable efficacy against MDR pathogens, particularly\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , validates its ethnobotanical potential and positions it as a promising candidate for bioassay-guided isolation of novel antimicrobial leads. Future studies should focus on compound characterization, mechanistic investigations, and cytotoxicity evaluation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45882-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:49:49Z","timestamp":1776091789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preliminary phytochemical profiling and in vitro antibacterial activity of Lycium edgeworthii (Solanaceae) leaf extract against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sachin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Kadyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guddu Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhir Kumar","family":"Kataria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukul Machhindra","family":"Barwant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"45882_CR1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. (Wellcome Trust\/UK Government, 2016). Available at: https:\/\/amr-review.org\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","volume":"18","author":"E Tacconelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tacconelli, E. et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 18(3), 318\u2013327 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"45882_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20180474","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180474","volume":"39","author":"H Venter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Venter, H. Reversing resistance to counter antimicrobial resistance in the World Health Organisation\u2019s critical priority of most dangerous pathogens. Biosci. Rep. 39(4), BSR20180474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20180474 (2019).","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"45882_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771510","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771510","volume":"11","author":"B Aslam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aslam, B. et al. Antibiotic resistance: One health one world outlook. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11, 771510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771510 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z","volume":"20","author":"AG Atanasov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atanasov, A. G. et al. Natural products in drug discovery: Advances and opportunities. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20(3), 200\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","volume":"83","author":"DJ Newman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Newman, D. J. & Cragg, G. M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019. J. Nat. Prod. 83(3), 770\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"4","key":"45882_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.564","volume":"12","author":"MM Cowan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cowan, M. M. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12(4), 564\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.12.4.564 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"45882_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.68","volume":"7","author":"D Savoia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Savoia, D. Plant-derived antimicrobial compounds: Alternatives to antibiotics. Future Microbiol. 7(8), 979\u2013990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fmb.12.68 (2012).","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"45882_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0559-6","volume":"8","author":"B Khameneh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khameneh, B., Iranshahy, M., Soheili, V. & Fazly Bazzaz, B. S. Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 8, 118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-019-0559-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201000018","volume":"8","author":"X Yao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yao, X. et al. Phytochemical and biological studies of Lycium medicinal plants. Chem. Biodivers. 8(6), 976\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.201000018 (2011).","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"issue":"7","key":"45882_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.027","volume":"44","author":"H Amagase","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amagase, H. & Farnsworth, N. R. A review of botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, clinical relevance in efficacy and safety of Lycium barbarum fruit (Goji). Food Res. Int. 44(7), 1702\u20131717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.027 (2011).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060911","volume":"22","author":"D Qian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qian, D., Zhao, Y., Yang, G. & Huang, L. Systematic review of chemical constituents in the genus Lycium (Solanaceae). Molecules 22(6), 911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules22060911 (2017).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"45882_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1186218","volume":"76","author":"O Potterat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Potterat, O. Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense): Phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety in the perspective of traditional uses and recent popularity. Planta Med. 76(1), 7\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0029-1186218 (2010).","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"45882_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.05.045","volume":"35","author":"A Mocan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mocan, A. et al. Comparative studies on polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Lycium species. J. Funct. Foods 35, 417\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2017.05.045 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"issue":"4","key":"45882_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006","volume":"42","author":"SD Sarker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarker, S. D., Nahar, L. & Kumarasamy, Y. Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals. Methods 42(4), 321\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006 (2007).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-016-2079-2","volume":"38","author":"M Elshikh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elshikh, M. et al. Resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of biosurfactants. Biotechnol. Lett. 38(6), 1015\u20131019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10529-016-2079-2 (2016).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"45882_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harborne, J. B. Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis 3rd edn (Chapman and Hall, 1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-009-5921-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5921-7"},{"key":"45882_CR18","unstructured":"Sofowora, A. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa 2nd edn (Spectrum Books, 1993)."},{"key":"45882_CR19","unstructured":"CLSI. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically 11th edn. CLSI standard M07 (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2018)."},{"key":"45882_CR20","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests 13th edn. CLSI standard M02 (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2018)."},{"issue":"2","key":"45882_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","volume":"6","author":"M Balouiri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M. & Ibnsouda, S. K. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J. Pharm. Anal. 6(2), 71\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"issue":"5","key":"45882_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001","volume":"44","author":"TPT Cushnie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cushnie, T. P. T., Cushnie, B. & Lamb, A. J. Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 44(5), 377\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"45882_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666140916113443","volume":"22","author":"Y Xie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Yang, W., Tang, F., Chen, X. & Ren, L. Antibacterial activities of flavonoids: Structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Curr. Med. Chem. 22(1), 132\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867321666140916113443 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2474-2478.2005","volume":"49","author":"D Trombetta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Trombetta, D. et al. Mechanisms of antibacterial action of three monoterpenes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49(6), 2474\u20132478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2474-2478.2005 (2005).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"45882_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alzohairy, M. A. Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 73825062016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7382506 (2016).","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7382506"},{"issue":"12","key":"45882_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122141","volume":"17","author":"A Leone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leone, A. et al. Moringa oleifera seeds and oil: Characteristics and uses for human health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17(12), 2141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17122141 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"45882_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013","volume":"37","author":"Z Pang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pang, Z., Raudonis, R., Glick, B. R., Lin, T. J. & Cheng, Z. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnol. Adv. 37(1), 177\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013 (2019).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"45882_CR28","unstructured":"WHO. Antibacterial agents in clinical development: An analysis of the antibacterial clinical development pipeline (World Health Organization, 2019). Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240000193."},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines3030019","volume":"3","author":"P Aelenei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aelenei, P. et al. Essential oils and their components as modulators of antibiotic activity against gram-negative bacteria. Medicines 3(3), 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines3030019 (2016).","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"issue":"12","key":"45882_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4675","volume":"14","author":"D Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown, D. Antibiotic resistance breakers: Can repurposed drugs fill the antibiotic discovery void? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 14(12), 821\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd4675 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.003","volume":"106","author":"P Cos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cos, P., Vlietinck, A. J., Berghe, D. V. & Maes, L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro \u2018proof-of-concept\u2019. J. Ethnopharmacol. 106(3), 290\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.003 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"45882_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.04.025","volume":"100","author":"JL R\u00edos","year":"2005","unstructured":"R\u00edos, J. L. & Recio, M. C. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 100(1\u20132), 80\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2005.04.025 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines2030251","volume":"2","author":"M Wink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wink, M. Modes of action of herbal medicines and plant secondary metabolites. Medicines 2(3), 251\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines2030251 (2015).","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"issue":"5","key":"45882_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/d12050175","volume":"12","author":"M Wink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wink, M. Potential of DNA intercalating alkaloids and other plant secondary metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. Diversity 12(5), 175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/d12050175 (2020).","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"issue":"5","key":"45882_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04998","volume":"66","author":"R Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, R. et al. Bioactive constituents from Lycium chinense. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66(5), 1140\u20131146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04998 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"45882_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822007000200034","volume":"38","author":"C Valgas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Valgas, C., Souza, S. M., Sm\u00e2nia, E. F. A. & Sm\u00e2nia, A. Jr Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Braz. J. Microbiol. 38 (2), 369\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-83822007000200034 (2007).","journal-title":"Brazilian J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn090","volume":"61","author":"B Bonev","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bonev, B., Hooper, J. & Parisot, J. Principles of assessing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics using the agar diffusion method. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61(6), 1295\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkn090 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"45882_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1078\/0944711041495218","volume":"11","author":"JN Eloff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eloff, J. N. Quantifying the bioactivity of plant extracts during screening and bioassay-guided fractionation. Phytomedicine 11(4), 370\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0944711041495218 (2004).","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"45882_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2174\/1876396001205010176","volume":"5","author":"H Zaid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaid, H., Raiyn, J., Nasser, A., Saad, B. & Rayan, A. Physicochemical properties of natural based products versus synthetic chemicals. Open. Nutraceuticals J. 5, 176\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1876396001205010176 (2012).","journal-title":"Open. Nutraceuticals J."},{"issue":"1","key":"45882_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-018-9591-z","volume":"18","author":"I G\u00f3rniak","year":"2019","unstructured":"G\u00f3rniak, I., Bartoszewski, R. & Kr\u00f3liczewski, J. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem. Rev. 18(1), 241\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11101-018-9591-z (2019).","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","volume":"28","author":"SY Tong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tong, S. Y., Davis, J. S., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T. L. & Fowler, V. G. Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 28(3), 603\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00134-14 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061340","volume":"25","author":"Z Breijyeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Breijyeh, Z., Jubeh, B. & Karaman, R. Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to current antibacterial agents and approaches to resolve it. Molecules 25(6), 1340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25061340 (2020).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"45882_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091158","volume":"21","author":"A Mocan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mocan, A. et al. Polyphenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill. leaves. Molecules 21(9), 1158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules21091158 (2016).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"45882_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00422","volume":"4","author":"Y Morita","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morita, Y., Tomida, J. & Kawamura, Y. Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobials. Front. Microbiol. 4, 422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00422 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"45882_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.12.018","volume":"16","author":"H Wagner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wagner, H. & Ulrich-Merzenich, G. Synergy research: Approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals. Phytomedicine 16(2\u20133), 97\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.12.018 (2009).","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"45882_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.06.008","volume":"15","author":"S Hemaiswarya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hemaiswarya, S., Kruthiventi, A. K. & Doble, M. Synergism between natural products and antibiotics against infectious diseases. Phytomedicine 15(8), 639\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.06.008 (2008).","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1086\/381972","volume":"38","author":"GA Pankey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pankey, G. A. & Sabath, L. D. Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(6), 864\u2013870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/381972 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"45882_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162750","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162750","volume":"2013","author":"S Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar, S. & Pandey, A. K. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Sci. World J. 2013, 162750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/162750 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"issue":"2","key":"45882_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.014","volume":"38","author":"TPT Cushnie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cushnie, T. P. T. & Lamb, A. J. Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 38(2), 99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.014 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"34","key":"45882_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402222v","volume":"61","author":"T Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, T., Zang, X., He, M., Pan, S. & Xu, X. Structure-activity relationship of flavonoids on their anti-Escherichia coli activity and inhibition of DNA gyrase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61 (34), 8185\u20138190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf402222v (2013).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"45882_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-019-0232-2","volume":"14","author":"L Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu, L. et al. Developing natural products as potential anti-biofilm agents. Chin. Med. 14, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13020-019-0232-2 (2019).","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"45882_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.10.008","volume":"117","author":"G Eumkeb","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eumkeb, G., Siriwong, S. & Thumanu, K. Synergistic activity of luteolin and amoxicillin combination against amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli and mode of action. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 117, 247\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.10.008 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol., B"},{"issue":"13","key":"45882_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132471","volume":"24","author":"AC Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, A. C. et al. Antibacterial activity of terpenes and terpenoids present in essential oils. Molecules 24(13), 2471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24132471 (2019).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"45882_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00919-08","volume":"53","author":"V Lorenzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lorenzi, V. et al. Geraniol restores antibiotic activities against multidrug-resistant isolates from gram-negative species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(5), 2209\u20132211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00919-08 (2009).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"45882_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00911","volume":"10","author":"L Othman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Othman, L., Sleiman, A. & Abdel-Massih, R. M. Antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and alkaloids in Middle Eastern plants. Front. Microbiol. 10, 911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00911 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"45882_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.05.016","volume":"94","author":"SG Sparg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sparg, S. G., Light, M. E. & Van Staden, J. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. J. Ethnopharmacol. 94(2\u20133), 219\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2004.05.016 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"45882_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.06.066","volume":"119","author":"SM Hassan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hassan, S. M. et al. Haemolytic and antimicrobial activities of saponin-rich extracts from guar meal. Food Chem. 119(2), 600\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.06.066 (2010).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14030939","volume":"14","author":"A Basile","year":"2009","unstructured":"Basile, A. et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of coumarins from the roots of Ferulago campestris (Apiaceae). Molecules 14(3), 939\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules14030939 (2009).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"11","key":"45882_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867013372193","volume":"8","author":"V Kren","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kren, V. & Martinkova, L. Glycosides in medicine: The role of glycosidic residue in biological activity. Curr. Med. Chem. 8(11), 1303\u20131328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867013372193 (2001).","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"45882_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.06.009","volume":"24","author":"GD Wright","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wright, G. D. Antibiotic adjuvants: Rescuing antibiotics from resistance. Trends Microbiol. 24(11), 862\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2016.06.009 (2016).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NP00011A","volume":"36","author":"LK Caesar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caesar, L. K. & Cech, N. B. Synergy and antagonism in natural product extracts: When 1\u2009+\u20091 does not equal 2. Nat. Prod. Rep. 36(6), 869\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9NP00011A (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"45882_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.10.018","volume":"1858","author":"RM Epand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Epand, R. M., Walker, C., Epand, R. F. & Magarvey, N. A. Molecular mechanisms of membrane targeting antibiotics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Biomembr. 1858(5), 980\u2013987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.10.018 (2016).","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Biomembr."},{"issue":"5","key":"45882_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3975","volume":"12","author":"K Lewis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lewis, K. Platforms for antibiotic discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 12(5), 371\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd3975 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"45882_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-65","volume":"11","author":"N Alam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alam, N. et al. High catechin concentrations detected in Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 11, 65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6882-11-65 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"45882_CR65","first-page":"78","volume":"16","author":"R Jain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jain, R., Sharma, A., Gupta, S., Sarethy, I. P. & Gabrani, R. Solanum nigrum: Current perspectives on therapeutic properties. Altern. Med. Rev. 16(1), 78\u201385 (2011).","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"45882_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.005","volume":"120","author":"CC Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, C. C., Chang, S. C., Inbaraj, B. S. & Chen, B. H. Isolation of carotenoids, flavonoids and polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum L. and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 120(1), 184\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.10.005 (2010).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"45882_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02856947","volume":"8","author":"BH Han","year":"1985","unstructured":"Han, B. H., Park, J. H., Park, M. H. & Han, Y. N. Studies on the alkaloidal components of Lycium chinense. Arch. Pharm. Res. 8(4), 243\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02856947 (1985).","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"45882_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1039\/B916096E","volume":"27","author":"M Saleem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saleem, M. et al. Antimicrobial natural products: An update on future antibiotic drug candidates. Nat. Prod. Rep. 27(2), 238\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/B916096E (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"45882_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381.ch71","volume-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology","author":"JH Jorgensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jorgensen, J. H. & Turnidge, J. D. Susceptibility test methods: Dilution and disk diffusion methods. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology 11th edn (eds Jorgensen, J. H., Pfaller, M. A., Carroll, K. C. et al.) 1253\u20131273 (ASM, 2015).","edition":"11"},{"issue":"6799","key":"45882_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/35023079","volume":"406","author":"CK Stover","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stover, C. K. et al. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen. Nature 406(6799), 959\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35023079 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"45882_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.11.015","volume":"55","author":"D Steinmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steinmann, D. & Ganzera, M. Recent advances on HPLC\/MS in medicinal plant analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 55(4), 744\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.11.015 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"45882_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1371-4","volume":"16","author":"IK Voukeng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Voukeng, I. K., Beng, V. P. & Kuete, V. Antibacterial activity of six medicinal Cameroonian plants against gram-positive and gram-negative multidrug resistant phenotypes. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 16, 388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-016-1371-4 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"45882_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800018-2.00008-X","volume-title":"Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants","author":"LJ McGaw","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGaw, L. J., Elgorashi, E. E. & Eloff, J. N. Cytotoxicity of African medicinal plants against normal animal and human cells. In Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants (ed Kuete, V.) 181\u2013233 (Elsevier, 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800018-2.00008-X (2014)."},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.05.004","volume":"42","author":"PW Taylor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taylor, P. W. Alternative natural sources for a new generation of antibacterial agents. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 42(3), 195\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.05.004 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"5","key":"45882_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20156","volume":"29","author":"R Gautam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gautam, R. & Jachak, S. M. Recent developments in anti-inflammatory natural products. Med. Res. Rev. 29(5), 767\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/med.20156 (2009).","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"45882_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1657","volume":"4","author":"FE Koehn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koehn, F. E. & Carter, G. T. The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4(3), 206\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd1657 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"2","key":"45882_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4510","volume":"14","author":"AL Harvey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harvey, A. L., Edrada-Ebel, R. & Quinn, R. J. The re-emergence of natural products for drug discovery in the genomics era. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 14(2), 111\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd4510 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"45882_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.10.091","volume":"1382","author":"JL Wolfender","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wolfender, J. L., Marti, G., Thomas, A. & Bertrand, S. Current approaches and challenges for the metabolite profiling of complex natural extracts. J. Chromatogr. A 1382, 136\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.10.091 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"45882_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2017.09.011","volume":"142","author":"C Kirchhoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirchhoff, C. & Cypionka, H. Propidium ion enters viable cells with high membrane potential during live-dead staining. J. Microbiol. Methods 142, 79\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2017.09.011 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"45882_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.10.4606-4610.1999","volume":"65","author":"A Ultee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ultee, A., Kets, E. P. & Smid, E. J. Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(10), 4606\u20134610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.65.10.4606-4610.1999 (1999).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"45882_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00124-10","volume":"54","author":"M Hartmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hartmann, M. et al. Damage of the bacterial cell envelope by antimicrobial peptides gramicidin S and PGLa as revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54(8), 3132\u20133142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00124-10 (2010).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl460","volume":"59","author":"M Stavri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stavri, M., Piddock, L. J. & Gibbons, S. Bacterial efflux pump inhibitors from natural sources. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 59(6), 1247\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkl460 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"45882_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111312","volume":"157","author":"J Dawan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dawan, J. & Ahn, J. Assessment of antibiotic resistance and virulence gene expression of Salmonella Typhimurium exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of natural antimicrobials. Food Res. Int. 157, 111312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111312 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"issue":"17","key":"45882_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01606.x","volume":"267","author":"J O\u2019Brien","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, J., Wilson, I., Orton, T. & Pognan, F. Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Eur. J. Biochem. 267(17), 5421\u20135426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01606.x (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"issue":"6","key":"45882_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3135","volume":"33","author":"M Pagano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pagano, M. & Faggio, C. The use of erythrocyte fragility to assess xenobiotic cytotoxicity. Cell Biochem. Funct. 33(6), 351\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbf.3135 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"45882_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD. Test No. 425: Acute Oral Toxicity: Up-and-Down Procedure. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 (OECD Publishing, 2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264071049-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264071049-en"},{"key":"45882_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.05.050","volume":"308","author":"M Ayaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ayaz, M. et al. Synergistic interactions of phytochemicals with antimicrobial agents: Potential strategy to counteract drug resistance. Chem. Biol. Interact. 308, 294\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.05.050 (2019).","journal-title":"Chemico-Biol. Interact."},{"issue":"2","key":"45882_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2174\/157489110791233522","volume":"5","author":"T Dai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dai, T. et al. Topical antimicrobials for burn wound infections. Recent Pat. Anti infect. Drug Discov. 5(2), 124\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157489110791233522 (2010).","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Anti-infect. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"4","key":"45882_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics9040041","volume":"9","author":"L Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, L. & Wong, H. Predicting oral drug absorption: Mini review on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Pharmaceutics 9(4), 41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics9040041 (2017).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45882-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45882-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45882-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:57:34Z","timestamp":1781647054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45882-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-45882-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study did not involve any human participants or animals. The plant material was collected from its natural habitat, and no endangered or protected species were involved.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"17407"}}