{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:05:59Z","timestamp":1774998359051,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS092625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS092625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS097495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS097495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson\u2019s Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015318","name":"Bischof Dr. Karl Golser Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45949-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T14:21:07Z","timestamp":1774880467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precise disease heterogeneity and progression quantification in MSA and Parkinson\u2019s disease using machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Robel K.","family":"Gebre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheelakumari","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari E. Johnson","family":"De Tora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela J.","family":"Fought","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert I.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip A.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashanthi","family":"Vemuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"45949_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004471","volume":"294","author":"TR Yamasaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamasaki, T. R. et al. Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy have distinct \u03b1-synuclein seed characteristics. J. Biol. Chem. 294, 1045\u20131058 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"45949_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antonina, K., Kelli, M. & Wei-Li, K. T. Parkinson\u2019s disease: etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis. In Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects 3\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15586\/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch1 (Codon Publications, 2018).","DOI":"10.15586\/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch1"},{"key":"45949_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170397","volume":"62","author":"KA Jellinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jellinger, K. A. Multiple System Atrophy: An Oligodendroglioneural Synucleinopathy. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 62, 1141\u20131179 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"45949_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanciulli, A. et al. Elsevier,. Multiple system atrophy. In International Review of Neurobiology 149 137\u2013192 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2019.10.004"},{"key":"45949_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9121-3","volume":"266","author":"V Chelban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chelban, V. et al. An update on advances in magnetic resonance imaging of multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. 266, 1036\u20131045 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"45949_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14147","volume":"11","author":"S Raghavan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raghavan, S. et al. White Matter Abnormalities Track Disease Progression in Multiple System Atrophy. Mov. Disord Clin. Pract. 11, 1085\u20131094 (2024).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord Clin. Pract."},{"key":"45949_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00236-0","volume":"7","author":"T Ogawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogawa, T. et al. White matter and nigral alterations in multiple system atrophy-parkinsonian type. Npj Park Dis. 7, 96 (2021).","journal-title":"Npj Park Dis."},{"key":"45949_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29195","volume":"37","author":"J Pasquini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pasquini, J., Firbank, M. J., Ceravolo, R., Silani, V. & Pavese, N. Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Microstructural Abnormalities in Multiple System Atrophy: A Comprehensive Review. Mov. Disord. 37, 1963\u20131984 (2022).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord"},{"key":"45949_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.003","volume":"22","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, H. J., Stamelou, M. & Jeon, B. Multiple system atrophy-mimicking conditions: Diagnostic challenges. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 22, S12\u2013S15 (2016).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord"},{"key":"45949_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550200007003","volume":"54","author":"I Litvan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Litvan, I. What Is the Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy? A Clinicopathologic Study. Arch. Neurol. 54, 937 (1997).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"45949_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06327-0","volume":"29","author":"S Kiryu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kiryu, S. et al. Deep learning to differentiate parkinsonian disorders separately using single midsagittal MR imaging: a proof of concept study. Eur. Radiol. 29, 6891\u20136899 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"45949_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.08.028","volume":"103","author":"P Vemuri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vemuri, P. et al. Imaging biomarkers for early multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 103, 60\u201368 (2022).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord"},{"key":"45949_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.70106","volume":"12","author":"P Trujillo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trujillo, P. et al. The MSA Atrophy Index (MSA-AI): An Imaging Marker for Diagnosis and Clinical Progression in Multiple System Atrophy. Ann. Clin. Transl Neurol. 12, 1823\u20131833 (2025).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl Neurol."},{"key":"45949_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.05.012","volume":"15","author":"LJ De Schipper","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Schipper, L. J., Van Der Grond, J., Marinus, J., Henselmans, J. M. L. & Van Hilten, J. J. Loss of integrity and atrophy in cingulate structural covariance networks in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NeuroImage Clin. 15, 587\u2013593 (2017).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"45949_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-021-00782-w","volume":"31","author":"JA Palma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palma, J. A. et al. Limitations of the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale as outcome measure for clinical trials and a roadmap for improvement. Clin. Auton. Res. 31, 157\u2013164 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"45949_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zuo, S., Li, Y., Qi, Y. & Liu, A. Multilevel correlation-aware and modal-aware graph convolutional network for diagnosing neurodevelopmental disorders. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2025.3617348 (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2025.3617348"},{"key":"45949_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3600443","volume":"37","author":"Y Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Integrating Clinical Knowledge Graphs and Gradient-Based Neural Systems for Enhanced Melanoma Diagnosis via the Seven-Point Checklist. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 37, 37\u201351 (2026).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"45949_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00789-2","volume":"9","author":"FJ Dorfner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dorfner, F. J., Patel, J. B., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., Gerstner, E. R. & Bridge C. P. A review of deep learning for brain tumor analysis in MRI. Npj Precis Oncol. 9, 2 (2025).","journal-title":"Npj Precis Oncol."},{"key":"45949_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.110273","volume":"263","author":"W Saeed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saeed, W., Omlin, C. & Explainable AI (XAI): A systematic meta-survey of current challenges and future opportunities. Knowl. -Based Syst. 263, 110273 (2023).","journal-title":"Knowl. -Based Syst."},{"key":"45949_CR20","unstructured":"Lundberg, S. M. & Lee, S. I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions."},{"key":"45949_CR21","unstructured":"Aoki, N. Atypical multiple system atrophy is a new subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with \u03b1-synuclein."},{"key":"45949_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010000292","volume":"101","author":"YS Piao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Piao, Y. S. et al. Co-localization of \u03b1-synuclein and phosphorylated tau in neuronal and glial cytoplasmic inclusions in a patient with multiple system atrophy of long duration. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 101, 285\u2013293 (2001).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. (Berl)"},{"key":"45949_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00364-6","volume":"179","author":"K Shibuya","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shibuya, K. et al. Asymmetrical temporal lobe atrophy with massive neuronal inclusions in multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. Sci. 179, 50\u201358 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"45949_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030599","volume":"10","author":"KA Jellinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jellinger, K. A. Heterogeneity of Multiple System Atrophy: An Update. Biomedicines 10, 599 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"45949_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4274\/tnd.2023.94752","volume":"29","author":"B \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu, B. et al. Cortical Thickness Alterations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Turk. J. Neurol. 29, 126\u2013133 (2023).","journal-title":"Turk. J. Neurol."},{"key":"45949_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14582","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14582","volume":"30","author":"J Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan, J. et al. Alterations in cortical volume and complexity in Parkinson\u2019s disease with depression. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 30, e14582 (2024).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"45949_CR27","unstructured":"Mavridis, I. N. & Pyrgelis, E. S. Nucleus accumbens atrophy in Parkinson\u2019s disease (Mavridis\u2019 atrophy): 10 years later."},{"key":"45949_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52829-8","volume":"9","author":"A Abos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abos, A. et al. Differentiation of multiple system atrophy from Parkinson\u2019s disease by structural connectivity derived from probabilistic tractography. Sci. Rep. 9, 16488 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45949_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7464","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137464","volume":"25","author":"KA Jellinger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jellinger, K. A. The Pathobiology of Behavioral Changes in Multiple System Atrophy: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25, 7464 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"45949_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010051008","volume":"97","author":"M Konagaya","year":"1999","unstructured":"Konagaya, M., Sakai, M., Matsuoka, Y., Konagaya, Y. & Hashizume, Y. Multiple system atrophy with remarkable frontal lobe atrophy. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 97, 423\u2013428 (1999).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. (Berl)"},{"key":"45949_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25227","volume":"42","author":"N Del Campo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Del Campo, N. et al. Broad white matter impairment in multiple system atrophy. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42, 357\u2013366 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"45949_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8923-7","volume":"265","author":"K Hara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hara, K. et al. Corpus callosal involvement is correlated with cognitive impairment in multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. 265, 2079\u20132087 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"45949_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.060","volume":"305","author":"L Ji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ji, L., Wang, Y., Zhu, D., Liu, W. & Shi, J. White matter differences between multiple system atrophy (parkinsonian type) and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A diffusion tensor image study. Neuroscience 305, 109\u2013116 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"45949_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112638","volume":"9","author":"A Worker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Worker, A. et al. Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Multiple System Atrophy and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study. PLoS ONE. 9, e112638 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"45949_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23318","volume":"25","author":"M Minnerop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Minnerop, M. et al. Callosal tissue loss in multiple system atrophy\u2014A one-year follow\u2010up study. Mov. Disord. 25, 2613\u20132620 (2010).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord"},{"key":"45949_CR36","unstructured":"Gilman, S. & Wenning, G. K. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy."},{"key":"45949_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20255","volume":"19","author":"GK Wenning","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wenning, G. K. et al. Development and validation of the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS). Mov. Disord. 19, 1391\u20131402 (2004).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord"},{"key":"45949_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30141-3","volume":"18","author":"J Levin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Levin, J. et al. Safety and efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate in multiple system atrophy (PROMESA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 18, 724\u2013735 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"45949_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70301-6","volume":"13","author":"PA Low","year":"2014","unstructured":"Low, P. A. et al. Efficacy and safety of rifampicin for multiple system atrophy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 13, 268\u2013275 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"45949_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60631-4","volume":"68","author":"PPA Low","year":"1993","unstructured":"Low, P. P.A. Composite Autonomic Scoring Scale for Laboratory Quantification of Generalized Autonomic Failure. Mayo Clin. Proc. 68, 748\u2013752 (1993).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"45949_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipp, A. et al. Prospective differentiation of multiple system atrophy from Parkinson disease, with and without autonomic failure. Arch Neurol. 66, (2009).","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.71"},{"key":"45949_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","volume":"31","author":"RS Desikan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desikan, R. S. et al. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage 31, 968\u2013980 (2006).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"45949_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.05.017","volume":"11","author":"CG Schwarz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schwarz, C. G. et al. A large-scale comparison of cortical thickness and volume methods for measuring Alzheimer\u2019s disease severity. NeuroImage Clin. 11, 802\u2013812 (2016).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"45949_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24736","volume":"69","author":"E Caruyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caruyer, E., Lenglet, C., Sapiro, G. & Deriche, R. Design of multishell sampling schemes with uniform coverage in diffusion MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 69, 1534\u20131540 (2013).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"45949_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid, R. I., Nedelska, Z., Schwarz, C. G., Ward, C. & Jack, C. R. Diffusion specific segmentation: skull stripping with diffusion MRI data alone. In Computational Diffusion MRI (eds Kaden, E., Grussu, F., Ning, L., Tax, C. M. W. & Veraart, J.) 67\u201380. (Springer International Publishing, 2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73839-0_5"},{"key":"45949_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garyfallidis, E. et al. Dipy, a library for the analysis of diffusion MRI data. Front. Neuroinformatics 8, (2014).","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00008"},{"key":"45949_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025","volume":"54","author":"BB Avants","year":"2011","unstructured":"Avants, B. B. et al. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. NeuroImage 54, 2033\u20132044 (2011).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"45949_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1543","volume":"23","author":"DK Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones, D. K. & Cercignani, M. Twenty-five pitfalls in the analysis of diffusion MRI data. NMR Biomed. 23, 803\u2013820 (2010).","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"45949_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49311-w","volume":"9","author":"Y Seo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seo, Y., Rollins, N. K. & Wang, Z. J. Reduction of bias in the evaluation of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity in magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging using region-of-interest methodology. Sci. Rep. 9, 13095 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"45949_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2023.11.013","volume":"180","author":"S Kaplan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaplan, S. Prevalence of multiple system atrophy: A literature review. Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 180, 438\u2013450 (2024).","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"45949_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, T., Guestrin, C. & XGBoost: a scalable tree boosting system. 785\u2013794 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2939672.2939785 (2016).","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"45949_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L. Random Forests. Mach. Learn. 45, 5\u201332 (2001).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"45949_CR53","unstructured":"Ke, G. et al. LightGBM: a highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree."},{"key":"45949_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dorogush, A. V., Ershov, V. & Gulin, A. CatBoost: gradient boosting with categorical features support. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1810.11363 (2018).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1810.11363"},{"key":"45949_CR55","unstructured":"Erickson, N. et al. AutoGluon-Tabular: robust and accurate AutoML for structured data. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.06505 (2020)."},{"key":"45949_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752558","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.752558","volume":"4","author":"A Gramegna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gramegna, A. & Giudici, P. S. H. A. P. An Evaluation of Discriminative Power in Credit Risk. Front. Artif. Intell. 4, 752558 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"45949_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gebre, R. K. et al. Advancing Tau PET quantification in Alzheimer disease with machine learning: introducing THETA, a novel Tau summary measure. J. Nucl. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.123.267273 (2024).","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.267273"},{"key":"45949_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/per.860","volume":"26","author":"RR Wilcox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilcox, R. R. & Keselman, H. J. Modern Regression Methods that can Substantially Increase Power and Provide a more Accurate Understanding of Associations. Eur. J. Personal. 26, 165\u2013174 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Personal"},{"key":"45949_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1209-1135","volume":"27","author":"WS Noble","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noble, W. S. How does multiple testing correction work? Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 1135\u20131137 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45949-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45949-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45949-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T22:33:03Z","timestamp":1774996383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-45949-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-45949-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10579"}}