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We profiled PRV transcription in four permissive cell lines\u2014two epithelial (porcine kidney PK-15 and rat kidney NRK), one glial (rat glioma C6), and one neuron-like (rat PC-12)\u2014at six time points (1\u201312\u00a0h post-infection). Host-dependent differences peaked early in infection, particularly for the regulators\n                    <jats:italic>ie180<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ep0<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>us1<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>ie180<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed strong species bias, with high expression in PK-15 but minimal in rodent lines, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>ep0<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>us1<\/jats:italic>\n                    varied quantitatively by cell type, with C6 and PC-12 showing marked early\n                    <jats:italic>us1<\/jats:italic>\n                    activation. Combining long-read direct cDNA and direct RNA sequencing with 5\u2032-capped CAGE-seq resolved viral transcription boundaries and identified 94 previously unannotated transcripts, including 5\u2032 UTR isoforms, polygenic RNAs, and noncoding transcripts. Differential transcript usage analysis revealed extensive isoform remodeling across conditions, with late infection showing shifts from long or polygenic isoforms toward shorter forms. Together, these results provide the first multi-host, isoform-resolved temporal atlas of PRV transcription and show that the canonical cascade is conserved yet quantitatively tuned by host species and cell-type background.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45990-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T06:21:31Z","timestamp":1775024491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-platform profiling reveals host- and cell -type-specific pseudorabies virus gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Kakuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Csabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Deim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Torma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"F\u00fcl\u00f6p","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gergely \u00c1rmin","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vir\u00e1g \u00c9va","family":"Dani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00f3ra","family":"Tomb\u00e1cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Boldogk\u0151i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"45990_CR1","volume-title":"Animal Viruses: molecular biology","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mettenleiter, T. 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