{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:10:59Z","timestamp":1779210659052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China: Gravitational Wave Detection Project","award":["No.2024YFC2207900, No.2021YFC2202601, No.2021YFC2202603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2024YFC2207900, No.2021YFC2202601, No.2021YFC2202603"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.12172288 and No.12472046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.12172288 and No.12472046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46097-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:26:40Z","timestamp":1774956400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deception in orbital games: simulation and dissimulation with a maneuverable decoy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"46097_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2096-0204.2021.03.0215","volume":"7","author":"L Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Dang, Z. & Zhang, Y. Orbital game: concepts, principles and methods. J. Command Control 7, 215\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.2096-0204.2021.03.0215 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Command Control"},{"key":"46097_CR2","unstructured":"Szymanski, P. & Drew, J. The Battle Beyond: Fighting and Winning the Coming War in Space  142 (Amplify Publishing,  2024)."},{"key":"46097_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89544-6","volume":"15","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Xu, Y. & Song, J. Robust pose estimation for non-cooperative space objects based on multichannel matching method. Sci. Rep. 15, 4940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-89544-6 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46097_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38974-1","volume":"13","author":"H Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, H., Li, Z., Wang, N., Yang, J. & Dang, D. Su-net: pose estimation network for non-cooperative spacecraft on-orbit. Sci. Rep. 13, 11780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-38974-1 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46097_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2514\/3.61350","volume":"14","author":"GM Anderson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Anderson, G. M. & Grazier, V. W. Barrier in pursuit-evasion problems between two low-thrust orbital spacecraft. AIAA J. 14, 158\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/3.61350 (1976).","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"46097_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.2514\/1.G005901","volume":"44","author":"C Venigalla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venigalla, C. & Scheeres, D. J. Delta-v-based analysis of spacecraft pursuit\u2013evasion games. J. Guid. Control Dyn. 44, 1961\u20131971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.G005901 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control Dyn."},{"key":"46097_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2023.03.028","volume":"72","author":"H Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han, H. & Dang, Z. Optimal delta-v-based strategies in orbital pursuit-evasion games. Adv. Space Res. 72, 243\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asr.2023.03.028 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"46097_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109243","volume":"150","author":"H Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, H. & Zhang, G. Delta-v analysis for impulsive orbital pursuit-evasion based on reachable domain coverage. Aerospace Sci. Technol. 150, 109243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109243 (2024).","journal-title":"Aerospace Sci. Technol."},{"key":"46097_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie, W., Zhao, L. & Dang, Z. Game tree search-based impulsive orbital pursuit\u2013evasion game with limited actions. Space: Sci. Technol. 4, 0087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/space.0087 (2024).","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0087"},{"key":"46097_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, S., Zhao, L., Zhang, W. & Dang, Z. Delta-v-based cooperative strategies for orbital two-pursuer one-evader pursuit-evasion games. Space: Sci. Technol.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/space.0222 (2025).","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0222"},{"key":"46097_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s42064-023-0173-5","volume":"8","author":"H Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Jiao, B., Dang, Z. & Yuan, J. Parametric formation control of multiple nanosatellites for cooperative observation of china space station. Astrodynamics 8, 77\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42064-023-0173-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Astrodynamics"},{"key":"46097_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Hao, Y., Xu, S. & Dang, Z. Optimal impulsive rendezvous for approaching geostationary earth orbit targets with terminal configuration constraints. Space: Sci. Technol. 4, 0157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/space.0157 (2024).","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0157"},{"key":"46097_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2023.06.003","volume":"36","author":"B Jiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiao, B., Sun, Q., Han, H. & Dang, Z. A parametric design method of nanosatellite close-range formation for on-orbit target inspection. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 36, 194\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cja.2023.06.003 (2023).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"46097_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110231","volume":"145","author":"L Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Sun, Q., Xu, S. & Dang, Z. A learning-based algorithm for turn-based orbital pursuit-evasion problem with reaction-time delay. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 145, 110231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110231 (2025).","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"46097_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2023.03.014","volume":"72","author":"L-R Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, L.-R., Zhang, Y.-L. & Dang, Z.-H. Prd-maddpg: an efficient learning-based algorithm for orbital pursuit-evasion game with impulsive maneuvers. Adv. Space Res. 72, 211\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asr.2023.03.014 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"46097_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Sun, Q. & Dang, Z. Intelligent strategy resolution methods and mechanism analysis in two-on-one impulsive orbital pursuit-evasion games. Astrodynamics b(2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s42064-025-0262-8"},{"key":"46097_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q. et al. Comprehensive classification of non-periodic relative motion styles of spacecraft: A geometric approach and applications.  Astrodynamics  (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s42064-025-0263-7"},{"key":"46097_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2024.3477459","volume":"61","author":"Q Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Zhao, L. & Dang, Z. Bigat: a model for recognizing motion intentions of space noncooperative targets. IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Syst. 61, 2586\u20132600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAES.2024.3477459 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Syst."},{"key":"46097_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2023.108681","volume":"142","author":"Q Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun, Q. & Dang, Z. Deep neural network for non-cooperative space target intention recognition. Aerospace Sci. Technol. 142, 108681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ast.2023.108681 (2023).","journal-title":"Aerospace Sci. Technol."},{"key":"46097_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109912","volume":"158","author":"Q Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Zhao, L., Tang, S. & Dang, Z. Orbital motion intention recognition for space non-cooperative targets based on incomplete time series data. Aerospace Sci. Technol. 158, 109912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ast.2024.109912 (2025).","journal-title":"Aerospace Sci. Technol."},{"key":"46097_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jing, H., Sun, Q., Dang, Z. & Wang, H. Intention recognition of space noncooperative targets using large language models. Space Sci. Technol. 5, 0271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/space.0271 (2025).","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0271"},{"key":"46097_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, H. & Dang, Z. Blocking geosynchronous orbits: Analysis of deployment and mission capability. Space Sci. Technol. 5, 0221.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/space.0221 (2025).","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0221"},{"key":"46097_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, H. & Dang, Z. Orbital blocking game near earth-moon l1 libration point. Space Sci. Technol. 3, 0102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/space.0102 (2023).","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0102"},{"key":"46097_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, H. & Dang, Z. Game-theoretic maneuvering strategies for orbital inspection of non-cooperative spacecraft in cislunar space. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 2025, 103574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cja.2025.103574 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2025.103574"},{"key":"46097_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2024.06.002","volume":"37","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liang, X. & Dang, Z. Nash-equilibrium strategies of orbital target-attacker-defender game with a non-maneuvering target. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 37, 365\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cja.2024.06.002 (2024).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"46097_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2025.05.002","author":"L Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Xu, S., Sun, Q. & Dang, Z. Variable reward function-driven strategies for impulsive orbital attack-defense games under multiple constraints and victory conditions. Defence Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dt.2025.05.002 (2025).","journal-title":"Defence Technol."},{"key":"46097_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, H. & Dang, Z. Models and strategies for j2-perturbed orbital pursuit-evasion games. Space Sci. Technol. 3, 0063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/space.0063 (2023).","DOI":"10.34133\/space.0063"},{"key":"46097_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin, B. et al. Space-to-ground infrared camouflage with radiative heat dissipation. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41377-025-01824-y (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-01824-y"},{"key":"46097_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, T., Radice, G. & Zhang, W. Motion camouflage for in-orbit maneuvers. In 2010 3rd International Symposium on Systems and Control in Aeronautics and Astronautics  450\u2013455  (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISSCAA.2010.5632899.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCAA.2010.5632899"},{"key":"46097_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2023.10.007","volume":"37","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, J., Li, C. & Zhang, Y. Guidance strategy of motion camouflage for spacecraft pursuit-evasion game. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 37, 312\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cja.2023.10.007 (2024).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"46097_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, L. & Zhu, Q. A dynamic game framework for rational and persistent robot deception with an application to deceptive pursuit\u2013evasion. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 19, 2918\u20132932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TASE.2021.3097286 (2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2021.3097286"},{"key":"46097_CR32","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Mathematics and Methods of Astrodynamics","author":"RH Battin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Battin, R. H. An Introduction to the Mathematics and Methods of Astrodynamics (AIAA, 1987)."},{"key":"46097_CR33","volume-title":"A Course in Game Theory","author":"MJ Osborne","year":"1994","unstructured":"Osborne, M. J. & Rubinstein, A. A Course in Game Theory (MIT Press,  1994)."},{"key":"46097_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, S.\u00a0S. Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice (Wiley, 2019).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119454816"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46097-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46097-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46097-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:42:11Z","timestamp":1779208931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46097-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46097-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8063107\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15584"}}