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However, their mediating and moderating roles have not yet been examined in the context of gambling. This study investigated whether gambling refusal self-efficacy (GRSE) and gambling protective behavioral strategies (GPBS) mediate or moderate the associations between impulsivity and gambling outcomes, including problem gambling (PG) and gambling involvement. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 926 gamblers from the general population (females: 53.2%; age:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200941.85,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913.49). Standardized self-report measures were used, including the Problem Gambling Severity Index, the Consumption Screen for Problem Gambling, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and the Gambling Protective Behavior Scale. Linear regression-based mediation and moderation models were tested. Significant indirect associations between impulsivity and both PG and gambling involvement were observed via GRSE and GPBS. In addition, a significant interaction between impulsivity and GPBS indicated that associations between impulsivity and gambling outcomes were evident primarily at lower GPBS levels, whereas they were non-significant at higher levels. These findings extend prior evidence from other addictive behaviors to gambling, highlighting potential similarities across addictive processes. Longitudinal studies using representative or clinical samples are warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46112-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T10:44:46Z","timestamp":1775213086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gambling refusal self-efficacy and protective behavioral strategies mediate and moderate the relationships between impulsivity and gambling outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Natasa","family":"Nagy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Czak\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Demetrovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"46112_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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