{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:58:09Z","timestamp":1781096289155,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46212-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T19:07:46Z","timestamp":1776452866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermomechanical performance and RSM\u2013ANN modeling of earth bricks reinforced with alkali-treated Syagrus romanzoffiana fibers and derived biochar"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Soraya","family":"Fertikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Messaouda","family":"Boumaaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Belaadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmood M. S.","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djamel","family":"Ghernaout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Al-Khawlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Mukalazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"46212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114323","volume":"194","author":"M Valenzuela","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valenzuela, M. et al. Towards the development of performance-efficient compressed earth blocks from industrial and agro-industrial by-products. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 194, 114323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114323 (2024).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"46212_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14051302","volume":"14","author":"A J\u00e1tiva","year":"2021","unstructured":"J\u00e1tiva, A., Ruales, E. & Etxeberria, M. Volcanic ash as a sustainable binder material: An extensive review. Materials 14, 1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14051302 (2021).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"46212_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40996-024-01704-2","volume":"49","author":"SK Tan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tan, S. K., Ma, H. & Ma, Q. A review of interlocking Earth block: Material modification, block structural system, and seismic performance. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civil Eng. 49, 3275\u20133291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40996-024-01704-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civil Eng."},{"key":"46212_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15060918","volume":"15","author":"V Mora-Ruiz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mora-Ruiz, V., Soto-Paz, J., Attia, S. & Mej\u00eda-Parada, C. Sustainable earthen construction: A meta-analytical review of environmental, mechanical, and thermal performance. Buildings 15, 918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings15060918 (2025).","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"46212_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.02.035","volume":"114","author":"H Van Damme","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Damme, H. & Houben, H. Earth concrete. Stabilization revisited. Cem. Concr Res. 114, 90\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.02.035 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.","journal-title":"Cem. Concr Res."},{"key":"46212_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2023.2237133","volume":"51","author":"H Hafez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hafez, H., El-Mahdy, D. & Marsh, A. T. M. Barriers and enablers for scaled-up adoption of compressed earth blocks in Egypt. Building Res. Inform. 51, 783\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09613218.2023.2237133 (2023).","journal-title":"Building Res. Inform."},{"key":"46212_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.136469","volume":"431","author":"YAA Serebe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Serebe, Y. A. A. et al. Optimization of kenaf fiber content for the improvement of the thermophysical and mechanical properties of adobes. Constr. Build. Mater. 431, 136469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.136469 (2024).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.07.016","volume":"104","author":"T Ashour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ashour, T., Korjenic, A., Korjenic, S. & Wu, W. Thermal conductivity of unfired earth bricks reinforced by agricultural wastes with cement and gypsum. Energy Build. 104, 139\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.07.016 (2015).","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"46212_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2020.04.009","volume":"46","author":"H Bamogo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bamogo, H. et al. Improvement of water resistance and thermal comfort of earth renders by cow dung: an ancestral practice of Burkina Faso. J. Cult. Herit. 46, 42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.culher.2020.04.009 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"46212_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2512002","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2025.2512002","volume":"22","author":"N Gueffaf","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gueffaf, N. et al. Performance of Earth Blocks Based on Recycled Dam Sediment and Reinforced with Alfa Fibers: Experimental Study. J. Nat. Fibers. 22, 2512002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15440478.2025.2512002 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"46212_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125985","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CONBUILDMAT.2021.125985","volume":"318","author":"M Boumaaza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boumaaza, M., Belaadi, A., Bourchak, M., Jawaid, M. & Hamid, S. Comparative study of flexural properties prediction of Washingtonia filifera rachis biochar bio-mortar by ANN and RSM models. Constr. Build. Mater. 318, 125985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CONBUILDMAT.2021.125985 (2022).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.06.010","volume":"106","author":"D Medjelekh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Medjelekh, D., Ulmet, L., Abdou, S. & Dubois, F. A field study of thermal and hygric inertia and its effects on indoor thermal comfort: Characterization of travertine stone envelope. Build. Environ. 106, 57\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.06.010 (2016).","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"46212_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133808","volume":"408","author":"MR Maaze","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maaze, M. R. & Shrivastava, S. Selection of eco-friendly alternative brick for sustainable development; a study on technical, economic, environmental and social feasibility. Constr. Build. Mater. 408, 133808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133808 (2023).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.152","volume":"215","author":"HR Gavali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gavali, H. R., Bras, A., Faria, P. & Ralegaonkar, R. V. Development of sustainable alkali-activated bricks using industrial wastes. Constr. Build. Mater. 215, 180\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.152 (2019).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.106810","volume":"73","author":"Y Chihab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chihab, Y., Laaroussi, N. & Garoum, M. Thermal performance and energy efficiency of the composite clay and hemp fibers. J. Building Eng. 73, 106810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.106810 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Building Eng."},{"key":"46212_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.055","volume":"221","author":"K Rashid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashid, K. et al. Experimental and finite element analysis on thermal conductivity of burnt clay bricks reinforced with fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 221, 190\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.055 (2019).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117712","volume":"238","author":"H Omrani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Omrani, H., Hassini, L., Benazzouk, A., Beji, H. & ELCafsi, A. Elaboration and characterization of clay-sand composite based on Juncus acutus fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 238, 117712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117712 (2020).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.001","volume":"158","author":"K Dao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dao, K., Ouedraogo, M., Millogo, Y., Aubert, J-E. & Gomina, M. Thermal, hydric and mechanical behaviours of adobes stabilized with cement. Constr. Build. Mater. 158, 84\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.001 (2018).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2019.e00326","volume":"12","author":"SN Malkanthi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malkanthi, S. N., Balthazaar, N. & Perera, A. A. D. A. J. Lime stabilization for compressed stabilized earth blocks with reduced clay and silt. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 12, e00326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2019.e00326 (2020).","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.007","volume":"104","author":"B Taallah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taallah, B. & Guettala, A. The mechanical and physical properties of compressed earth block stabilized with lime and filled with untreated and alkali-treated date palm fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 104, 52\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.07.093","volume":"119","author":"S Hakkoum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hakkoum, S., Kriker, A. & Mekhermeche, A. Thermal characteristics of model houses manufactured by date palm fiber reinforced earth bricks in desert regions of Ouargla Algeria. Energy Procedia. 119, 662\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.07.093 (2017).","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"46212_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.07.017","volume":"152","author":"O Benaimeche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benaimeche, O. et al. The influence of date palm mesh fibre reinforcement on flexural and fracture behaviour of a cement-based mortar. Compos. B Eng. 152, 292\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.07.017 (2018).","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"46212_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.827","volume":"74","author":"H Chaib","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaib, H., Kriker, A. & Mekhermeche, A. Thermal Study of earth bricks reinforced by date palm fibers. Energy Proc. 74, 919\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.827 (2015).\u00a0","journal-title":"Energy Proc."},{"key":"46212_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.039","volume":"83","author":"H Danso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Danso, H., Martinson, D. B., Ali, M. & Williams, J. Effect of fibre aspect ratio on mechanical properties of soil building blocks. Constr. Build. Mater. 83, 314\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.039 (2015).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR25","first-page":"293","volume":"9","author":"R Abdeldjebar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdeldjebar, R., Hamouine, A., Fouchal, F. & Labbaci, B. Effects of treated date palm fiber on durability of stabilized earth blocks (Seb). Int. J. Civil Eng. Technol. (IJCIET). 9, 293\u2013305 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Civil Eng. Technol. (IJCIET)"},{"key":"46212_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.007","volume":"104","author":"B Taallah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taallah, B. & Guettala, A. The mechanical and physical properties of compressed earth block stabilized with lime and filled with untreated and alkali-treated date palm fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 104, 52\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.094","volume":"52","author":"Y Millogo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Millogo, Y., Morel, J-C., Aubert, J-E. & Ghavami, K. Experimental analysis of pressed adobe blocks reinforced with Hibiscus cannabinus fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 52, 71\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.094 (2014).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S2307-1877(25)00748-5","volume":"8","author":"MA Zardari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zardari, M. A., Lakho, N. A. & Amur, M. A. Structural behaviour of large size compressed earth blocks stabilized with jute fiber. J. Eng. Res. 8, 60\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2307-1877(25)00748-5 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Eng. Res."},{"key":"46212_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117806","volume":"240","author":"MM Salih","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salih, M. M., Osofero, A. I. & Imbabi, M. S. Constitutive models for fibre reinforced soil bricks. Constr. Build. Mater. 240, 117806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117806 (2020).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.104","volume":"178","author":"KQ Tran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tran, K. Q., Satomi, T. & Takahashi, H. Improvement of mechanical behavior of cemented soil reinforced with waste cornsilk fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 178, 204\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.104 (2018).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.434","volume":"45","author":"A Jesudass","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jesudass, A., Gayathri, V., Geethan, R., Gobirajan, M. & Venkatesh, M. Earthen blocks with natural fibres\u2014a review. Mater. Today Proc. 45, 6979\u20136986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.434 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"46212_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.09.013","volume":"128","author":"T Poinot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poinot, T. et al. Beneficial use of boiler ash in alkali-activated bricks. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 128, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.09.013 (2018).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl"},{"key":"46212_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10246","DOI":"10.1002\/ces2.10246","volume":"7","author":"RAT Kamwa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kamwa, R. A. T. et al. Effect of treated palm fibers on the mechanical properties of compressed earth bricks stabilized by alkali-activated binder-based natural pozzolan. Int. J. Ceramic Eng. Sci. 7, e10246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ces2.10246 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ceramic Eng. Sci."},{"key":"46212_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.058","volume":"59","author":"B Taallah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taallah, B., Guettala, A., Guettala, S. & Kriker, A. Mechanical properties and hygroscopicity behavior of compressed earth block filled by date palm fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 59, 161\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.058 (2014).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.069","volume":"101","author":"H Danso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Danso, H., Martinson, D. B., Ali, M. & Williams, J. B. Physical, mechanical and durability properties of soil building blocks reinforced with natural fibres. Constr. Build. Mater. 101, 797\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.069 (2015).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.119","volume":"111","author":"A Laborel-Pr\u00e9neron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laborel-Pr\u00e9neron, A., Aubert, J. E., Magniont, C., Tribout, C. & Bertron, A. Plant aggregates and fibers in earth construction materials: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 111, 719\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.119 (2016).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5811","DOI":"10.1007\/s42107-024-01148-z","volume":"25","author":"MA Bouzidi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bouzidi, M. A., Bouzidi, N. & Quesada, D. E. Prediction of mechanical and physical properties of spent bleaching earth based fired bricks: an experimental study using RSM and ANN. Asian J. Civil Eng. 25, 5811\u20135833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42107-024-01148-z (2024).","journal-title":"Asian J. Civil Eng."},{"key":"46212_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33017-3","volume":"16","author":"FZ Benamara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Benamara, F. Z. et al. Geotechnical improvement of dune sand embankments using rubber crumb and brick powder: RSM vs. ANN-GA hybrid optimization. Sci. Rep. 16, 3144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-33017-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46212_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2020.25893","volume":"201","author":"J Pigatto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pigatto, J. et al. Development and characterization of a new adsorbent based on Jeriv\u00e1 coconut (Syagrus romanzoffiana) applied for removing toxic metals from water. Desalin. Water Treat. 201, 261\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5004\/dwt.2020.25893 (2020).","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"46212_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983241231833","volume":"58","author":"B Ferfari Oussama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferfari Oussama, B. et al. Mechanical properties and statistical analysis of Syagrus Romanzoffiana palm cellulose fibers. J. Compos. Mater. 58, 755\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00219983241231833 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR41","unstructured":"CDE. ENTPE. Compressed earth blocks: Testing procedures guide-Technology series N 16 (CDE (ARSO), 2000)."},{"key":"46212_CR42","unstructured":"NF EN 1015\u201311 A. M\u00e9thodes d\u2019essai des mortiers pour ma\u00e7onnerie-partie 11: D\u00e9termination de la r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la flexion et \u00e0 la compression du mortier durci. Technical Report (2000)."},{"key":"46212_CR43","unstructured":"ISO 22007-2. Plastics: determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity: transient plane heat method (International Organization for Standardization, 2008)."},{"key":"46212_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08565","volume":"7","author":"D Sinkhonde","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sinkhonde, D., Onchiri, R. O., Oyawa, W. O. & Mwero, J. N. Response surface methodology-based optimisation of cost and compressive strength of rubberised concrete incorporating burnt clay brick powder. Heliyon 7, e08565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08565 (2021).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"46212_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126043","volume":"319","author":"L Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Prediction of optimal ranges of mix ratio of self-compacting mortars (SCMs) based on response surface method (RSM). Constr. Build. Mater. 319, 126043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126043 (2022).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30125","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04743-3","volume":"14","author":"M Boumaaza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boumaaza, M., Belaadi, A., Alshahrani, H., Khan, M. K. A. & Jawaid, M. Environmentally mortar development using Washingtonia\/biochar waste hybrid: mechanical and thermal properties. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 14, 30125\u201330148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-023-04743-3 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin"},{"key":"46212_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clema.2022.100065","volume":"4","author":"OM Ofuyatan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ofuyatan, O. M., Agbawhe, O. B., Omole, D. O., Igwegbe, C. A. & Ighalo, J. O. RSM and ANN modelling of the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete with silica fume and plastic waste as partial constituent replacement. Clean. Mater. 4, 100065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clema.2022.100065 (2022).","journal-title":"Clean. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107352","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPOSITESA.2022.107352","volume":"165","author":"BX Chai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chai, B. X. et al. A novel heuristic optimisation framework for radial injection configuration for the resin transfer moulding process. Compos. Part. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 165, 107352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPOSITESA.2022.107352 (2023).","journal-title":"Compos. Part. Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"46212_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105683","volume":"27","author":"R Mebarkia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mebarkia, R. et al. Upcycling cement kiln dust for manufacturing clay bricks fired at different temperatures: RSM and ANN-GA hybrid-optimization. Results Eng. 27, 105683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105683 (2025).","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"46212_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16186115","volume":"16","author":"BX Chai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chai, B. X. et al. Application of KNN and ANN metamodeling for RTM filling process prediction. Materials 16, 6115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16186115 (2023).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"46212_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs8040153","volume":"8","author":"BX Chai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chai, B. X. et al. Comprehensive composite mould filling pattern dataset for process modelling and prediction. J. Compos. Sci. 8, 153. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcs8040153","journal-title":"J. Compos. Sci."},{"key":"46212_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10621","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04221-w","volume":"14","author":"A Khelifi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khelifi, A. et al. Effects of alkaline treatment of Washingtonia mesh waste on the mechanical and physical properties of bio-mortar: Experimental and prediction models. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 14, 10621\u201310650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-023-04221-w (2024).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin"},{"key":"46212_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151547","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2022.2151547","volume":"20","author":"A Belaadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belaadi, A., Boumaaza, M., Alshahrani, H. & Bourchak, M. Optimization of palm rachis biochar waste content and temperature effects on predicting bio-mortar: ANN and RSM modelling. J. Nat. Fibers. 20, 2151547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15440478.2022.2151547 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"46212_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.18280\/rcma.340105","volume":"34","author":"I Ouarda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ouarda, I., Ferdous, B. & Karima, G. Influence of date palm waste aggregates on the mechanical strengths and hygroscopicity behavior of earth-based composites. Rev. Compos. Mater. Av. 34, 33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18280\/rcma.340105 (2024).","journal-title":"Rev. Compos. Mater. Av."},{"key":"46212_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121824","volume":"270","author":"D Khoudja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khoudja, D. et al. Mechanical and thermophysical properties of raw earth bricks incorporating date palm waste. Constr. Build. Mater. 270, 121824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121824 (2021).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-05280-1","volume":"46","author":"AB \u00c7olak","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c7olak, A. B., Ak\u00e7a\u00f6zo\u011flu, K., Ak\u00e7a\u00f6zo\u011flu, S. & Beller, G. Artificial Intelligence approach in predicting the effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of PET aggregate mortars: An experimental study. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 46, 4867\u20134881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-020-05280-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"46212_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05244-4","volume":"33","author":"DJ Armaghani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Armaghani, D. J. & Asteris, P. G. A comparative study of ANN and ANFIS models for the prediction of cement-based mortar materials compressive strength. Neural Comput. Appl. 33, 4501\u20134532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05244-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"46212_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.243","volume":"212","author":"A Kooshkaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kooshkaki, A. & Eskandari-Naddaf, H. Effect of porosity on predicting compressive and flexural strength of cement mortar containing micro and nano-silica by multi-objective ANN modeling. Constr. Build. Mater. 212, 176\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.243 (2019).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.132","volume":"138","author":"H Eskandari-Naddaf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eskandari-Naddaf, H. & Kazemi, R. ANN prediction of cement mortar compressive strength, influence of cement strength class. Constr. Build. Mater. 138, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.132 (2017).\u00a0","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46212_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15050733","volume":"15","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Strength characteristics and prediction of ternary blended cement building material using RSM and ANN. Buildings 15, 733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings15050733 (2025).","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"46212_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103337","volume":"44","author":"E Aydo\u011fmu\u015f","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aydo\u011fmu\u015f, E., Arslano\u011flu, H. & Da\u011f, M. Production of waste polyethylene terephthalate reinforced biocomposite with RSM design and evaluation of thermophysical properties by ANN. J. Building Eng. 44, 103337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103337 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Building Eng."},{"key":"46212_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111739","volume":"233","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Z. & Sobey, A. A comparative review between genetic algorithm use in composite optimisation and the state-of-the-art in evolutionary computation. Compos. Struct. 233, 111739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111739 (2020).","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"46212_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21338","DOI":"10.1002\/er.8255","volume":"46","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. The metaheuristic optimization of the mechanical properties of sustainable energies using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm: A case study by eggshell fine waste. Int. J. Energy Res. 46, 21338\u201321352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/er.8255 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46212-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46212-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46212-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:02:57Z","timestamp":1781092977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46212-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46212-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17939"}}