{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T23:08:15Z","timestamp":1779059295299,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52574034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52574034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023MD744136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MD744136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The periodic water-level fluctuations in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges reservoir progressively degrade the mechanical integrity of reservoir rock mass, thereby promoting slope instability and related geohazards. To elucidate the multiscale damage evolution and cracking behavior of sandstone under hydromechanical loading, here we conducted a series of dry-wet cyclic experiments, synchronized with acoustic emission (AE), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the early warning points occur at 91.76%-98.53% of peak stress, whereas the critical fracture point consistently appears beyond 99% of peak stress. When the number of dry-wet cycle increases from 0 to 30, the proportion of tensile cracks increases from 31.05% to 48.93%, indicating a progressive transition from shear-dominated failure to a tensile-shear mixed mode. NMR results reveal an exponential increasement in porosity with the number of dry-wet cycles. The\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    spectrum evolves from unimodal to bimodal, suggesting enhanced the pore-scale heterogeneity. This phenomenon is accompanied by a significant reorganization of the pore structure, with the proportion of micropores decreasing from 8.09% to 0.24% and that of macropores increasing from 50.78% to 65.30%. SEM observations corroborate the multiscale degradation mechanism, revealing that early-stage damage is characterized by dissolution pits and isolated microcracks on mineral surfaces. In contrast, progressive cycling substantially weakens interparticle cementation, generates abundant debris, and promotes the coalescence of microcracks into macroscopic fractures. This integrated AE-NMR-SEM framework links pore-scale evolution to macroscopic failure processes, providing a quantitative method for precursor identification and failure-mode transition assessment in reservoir rock mass.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46226-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:44:56Z","timestamp":1775007896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiscale characteristics and cracking behavior in reservoir sandstone under dry-wet cycles: Insights from NMR, AE and SEM"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruide","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linsen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"46226_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.11.063","volume":"17","author":"GD Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, G. D., Ling, S. X., Xiao, C. J., Liao, Z. X. & Wu, X. Y. Crack evolution of soft red-bed rock under drying-wetting cycles. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 17, 5768\u20135780 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"46226_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2018.07.011","volume":"110","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhong, Z. L., Liu, X. R., Sheng, Y. & Yang, D. M. Micro-damage evolution and macro-mechanical property degradation of limestone due to chemical effects. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 110, 257\u2013265 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"46226_CR3","first-page":"653","volume":"40","author":"KN Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie, K. N., Jiang, D. Y., Sun, Z. G., Song, Z. Q. & Jiang, X. NMR-based analysis of the effect of moisture migration on sandstone pore structure under alternating wetting and drying conditions. Rock Soil Mech. 40(2), 653\u2013659 (2019).","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"issue":"4","key":"46226_CR4","first-page":"825","volume":"38","author":"YJ Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, Y. J. et al. Study on damage characteristics of weak cementation sandstone under drying-wetting cycles based on nuclear magnetic resonance technique. Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 38(4), 825\u2013831 (2019).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"46226_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2024.07.014","volume":"34","author":"HS Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, H. S., Bi, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, C. L. & Ma, J. B. NMR-based analysis of the effect of moisture migration on sandstone pore structure under alternating wetting and drying conditions. Int. J. Min. Sci. Tech. 34(8), 1135\u20131150 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"46226_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2023.107371","volume":"328","author":"Z Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng, Z. et al. Characterizing imbibition and void structure evolution in damaged rock salt under humidity cycling by low-field NMR. Eng. Geol. 328, 107371 (2024b).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"46226_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-024-03948-8","volume":"83","author":"XZ Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng, X. Z. et al. Macro-meso physical and mechanical deterioration properties and damage prediction model of rock under freeze-thaw cycles. B Eng Geol Environ. 83, 452 (2024).","journal-title":"B Eng Geol Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"46226_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.056","volume":"182","author":"ZL Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. L. et al. Dynamic tensile properties of sandstone subjected to wetting and drying cycles. Constr. Build. Mater. 182(10), 215\u2013232 (2018).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"46226_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.3724\/1000-6915.jrme.2024.0971","volume":"44","author":"JQ Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, J. Q. et al. Experiment of the dissolution mechanism of basalt under the action of water-rock dry-wet cycles. Chinese J Rock Mech Eng 44(8), 2055\u20132070 (2025).","journal-title":"Chinese J Rock Mech Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"46226_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2024.10.009","volume":"17","author":"XW Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu, X. W. et al. Cracking of silty mudstone subjected to wetting-drying cycles. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 17(7), 4195\u20134210 (2025b).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"46226_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2019.102396","volume":"104","author":"MM Kou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kou, M. M., Liu, X. R., Tang, S. D. & Wang, Y. T. 3-D x-ray computed tomography on failure characteristics of rock-like materials under coupled hydro-mechanical loading. Theor Appl Fract Mech 104, 102396 (2019).","journal-title":"Theor Appl Fract Mech"},{"issue":"06","key":"46226_CR12","first-page":"2533","volume":"28","author":"YB Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. B. et al. Effect of dry-wet cycles on the mechanical performances and microstructure of pisha sandstone. Molecular Structure of Minerals 28(06), 2533\u20132533 (2023).","journal-title":"Molecular Structure of Minerals"},{"key":"46226_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2023.104094","volume":"127","author":"K Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, K. et al. Mechanical behavior and fracture mechanism of red-bed mudstone under varied dry-wet cycling and prefabricated fracture planes with different loading angles. Theor Appl Fract Mech 127, 104094 (2023).","journal-title":"Theor Appl Fract Mech"},{"key":"46226_CR14","unstructured":"Liu, Y. X., Cheng, J. X., Xu, C. H., Wang, G. & Xu, J. Mechanical behaviors and instability of rocks subjected to hydraulic progressive wetting: Acoustic emission and uniaxial compression experiments. J. Rock. Mech. Geotech. Eng. 4. (2025)."},{"key":"46226_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2025.105860","volume":"241","author":"NZ Long","year":"2025","unstructured":"Long, N. Z. et al. Effect of dynamic disturbances and dry-wet cycles on the degradation law and acoustic emission evolution characteristics of argillaceous sandstone: An experimental study. J. Appl. Geophys. 241, 105860 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"46226_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2025.105358","volume":"142","author":"H Tan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tan, H., Jiang, C., Li, J. T., Wang, M. X. & Shi, Z. M. Acoustic emission response characteristics and fracture behavior of dry-wet red sandstone under multistage fatigue loading. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 142, 105358 (2026).","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"issue":"7","key":"46226_CR17","first-page":"2023","volume":"46","author":"RD Lei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lei, R. D., Gu, Q. H., Hu, C., He, P. & Zhou, L. S. Study on acoustic emission signal characteristics and failure precursory recognition of fractured sandstone. Rock Soil Mech 46(7), 2023\u20132038 (2025).","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech"},{"issue":"12","key":"46226_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2025.111171","volume":"322","author":"HC Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu, H. C. et al. Experimental study on the influence of rock bridge dip angle on creep AE characteristics of double-fractured sandstone. Eng. Fract. Mech. 322(12), 111171 (2025a).","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"46226_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoen.2025.213898","volume":"251","author":"Z Zeng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeng, Z. et al. Acoustic emission insights into rock salt damage under humidity cycling. Geoenergy Sci. Eng. 251, 213898 (2025).","journal-title":"Geoenergy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"46226_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103874","volume":"25","author":"XD Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang, X. D. et al. Failure prediction of fissured rock under freeze-thaw cycles based on critical slowing down theory of AE multi-parameter. Results Eng. 25, 103874 (2025).","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"46226_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.114414","volume":"103","author":"ZM Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi, Z. M. et al. Laboratory study on AE signals and damage mechanism of rock with thermal storage potential under fatigue loading. J. Energy Storage 103, 114414 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"46226_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2024.108474","volume":"163","author":"HZ Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, H. Z. et al. Predicting the failure of rock using critical slowing down theory on acoustic emission characteristics. Eng. Fail. Anal. 163, 108474 (2024).","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"46226_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2024.108997","volume":"167","author":"ZL Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. L., Zhou, T. H., Ullah, B. & Fan, J. L. Investigating crack evolution, and failure precursor warning in sandstones with different water contents from the perspective of tensile-shear crack separation. Eng. Fail. Anal. 167, 108997 (2025).","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"46226_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2024.104773","volume":"136","author":"XF Deng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deng, X. F. et al. Study on the brittle failure of flawed concrete-sandstone based on entropy theory and AE crack classification. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 136, 104773 (2025).","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"46226_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2024.107736","volume":"341","author":"S He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, S., Li, M., Shi, S. L., Lu, Y. & Wang, D. M. Experimental study on the influence of rock pore structure on pressure stimulated voltage variations based on nuclear magnetic resonance. Eng. Geol. 341, 107736 (2024).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"46226_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-015-0619-1","volume":"111","author":"H Daigle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Daigle, H. & Johnson, A. Combining mercury ntrusion and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements using percolation theory. Transp. Porous Media. 111, 669\u2013679 (2016).","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"key":"46226_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-023-03465-2","volume":"56","author":"N Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, N. et al. Coupled effects of acid and temperature on the damage characteristics of sandstone. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 56, 7839\u20137859 (2023).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"46226_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132964","volume":"402","author":"DQ Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, D. Q., Zhu, S. J. & Tang, A. P. Effect of clinoptilolite on properties and fractal characteristic of pore structure of polypropylene fiber-reinforced cement-based composite. Constr. Build. Mater. 402, 950618 (2023).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"46226_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2024.105741","volume":"193","author":"DP Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao, D. P., Hou, S. & Hou, Z. Y. Constructing three-dimension digital rock with porosity information constraint: A double-network-cycled style-based deep-learning approach. Comput. Geosci. 193, 105741 (2024).","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"46226_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2023.105873","volume":"165","author":"GJ Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng, G. J. et al. A multi-scale fractal model of gas flow considering the evolution of kerogen microstructure and the multi-physical coupling. Comput. Geotech. 165, 105873 (2024).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"46226_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-022-03193-z","volume":"56","author":"BQ Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan, B. Q. et al. Fracture propagation and permeability evolution mechanism of jointed rock mass in coastal mines. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 56, 2763\u20132778 (2023).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"46226_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2020.107109","volume":"234","author":"X Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai, X., Zhou, Z. L., Tan, L. H., Zang, H. Z. & Song, Z. Y. Fracture behavior and damage mechanisms of sandstone subjected to dry-wet cycles. Eng. Fract. Mech. 234, 107\u2013109 (2020).","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"46226_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2024.106746","volume":"176","author":"CL Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong, C. L., Zhao, Y. X., Li, Z. H., He, X. S. & Yang, D. H. A multifractal geometric model for estimating spontaneous imbibition in an unsaturated fractured core-scale network in a low-permeability reservoir. Comput. Geotech. 176, 106746 (2024).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"issue":"3","key":"46226_CR34","first-page":"685","volume":"45","author":"HX Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, H. X., Ye, D. Y., Bie, P. F. & Zhu, X. Experimental study on micro-mesoscopic damage characteristics of limestone during cyclic loading and unloading. Rock Soil Mech 45(3), 685\u2013696 (2024).","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech"},{"key":"46226_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-024-03822-9","volume":"57","author":"WJ Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, W. J. et al. Quantitative study of the failure characteristics of sandstone with freeze-thaw damage: Insight into the cracking behavior. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 57, 5843\u20135862 (2024).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"issue":"04","key":"46226_CR36","first-page":"1176","volume":"32","author":"T Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng, T., Fang, Y., Nan, Y. L. & Yao, Y. Study on pore structure characteristics of typical shale in Yanchang formation and Longmaxi formation. J. Eng. Geol. 32(04), 1176\u20131185 (2024a).","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"46226_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-025-04746-8","volume":"58","author":"YZ Quan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Quan, Y. Z. et al. Cyclic wetting-drying driven geological gene changes and multi-scale degradation mechanisms of the Neogene Red-Bed sandstone in the Guide Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 58, 11801\u201311817 (2025).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"46226_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-025-03581-6","volume":"44","author":"J Shen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shen, J., Liu, J. P., Li, X. S. & Wang, Y. M. Mechanical degradation and failure of fractured rock mass under dry-wet-freeze-thaw cycles. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 44, 74 (2026).","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"46226_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"62","author":"ZJ Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong, Z. J. et al. Physicochemical deterioration mechanism of red-bed mudstone during water-rock interactions: Insights from soaking experiments. Can. Geotech. J. 62, 1\u201318 (2025).","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"46226_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2024.106011","volume":"186","author":"CD Lou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lou, C. D. et al. Water-rock interaction-induced degradation of Jinping marble in in-situ environments: A multi-scale analysis of mechanical behavior. Inter J Rock Mech Min Sci 186, 10611 (2025).","journal-title":"Inter J Rock Mech Min Sci"},{"key":"46226_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-025-03608-y","volume":"44","author":"YS Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. S. et al. Influence of weak interfaces on secondary crack development in crystalline rocks with varying strengths and grain sizes. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 44, 90 (2024).","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46226-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46226-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46226-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T23:04:57Z","timestamp":1779059097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46226-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46226-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8578506\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15279"}}