{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:03:00Z","timestamp":1779667380077,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J05198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J05198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010614","name":"Putian University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22405143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22405143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46274-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T07:28:07Z","timestamp":1775806087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Porosity optimization and Fe2O3 functionalization synergistically enhance nitrate adsorption on bamboo biochar"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LiuYan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"46274_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.117425","volume":"579","author":"B Ahangari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahangari, B., Eslami, A. & Rafiee, M. A novel method for selective removal of NO3\u2212 from drinking water by a surface NO3\u2212-imprinted polymer grafted on functionalized silica. Desalination 579, 117425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2024.117425 (2024).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"46274_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., 2022. Nitrates in the environment: A critical review of their distribution, sensing techniques, ecological effects and remediation.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131996"},{"key":"46274_CR3","unstructured":"Tracy A. Campbell, 2023. Evaluating nitrogen management strategies for groundwater quality improvement under a changing climate across the Wisconsin Central Sands."},{"key":"46274_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2021.105081","volume":"155","author":"B Qiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiu, B. et al. Biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal: A review. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 155, 105081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2021.105081 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis."},{"key":"46274_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109212","volume":"307","author":"S Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, S., Meng, Z., Wu, J., Xin, L. & Zhao, Q. Long-term Cd remediation mechanisms and potential risks in soil with biochar application under dry-wet cycling at different soil moisture levels. Agric. Water Manag. 307, 109212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109212 (2025).","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"46274_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-023-00237-7","volume":"5","author":"L Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang, L. et al. Biochar-based materials in environmental pollutant elimination, H2 production and CO2 capture applications. Biochar 5, 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-023-00237-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"46274_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12080817","volume":"12","author":"L Goswami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goswami, L., Kushwaha, A., Kafle, S. R. & Kim, B.-S. Surface modification of biochar for dye removal from wastewater. Catalysts 12, 817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/catal12080817 (2022).","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"46274_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116534","volume":"234","author":"G Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, G. et al. Biochar\/layered double hydroxides composites as catalysts for treatment of organic wastewater by advanced oxidation processes: A review. Environ. Res. 234, 116534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116534 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"46274_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silva, J., Granja, H., Dos Santos, J., Freitas, L., Sussuchi, E., 2024. Biochar and hydrochar in the development and application of electrochemical devices in the sensing and degradation of target compounds: a mini-review of the recent contributions of 2020\u20132023. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21577\/0103-5053.20230143","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20230143"},{"key":"46274_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2022.107580","volume":"240","author":"W Liao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liao, W. et al. The influence of biomass species and pyrolysis temperature on carbon-retention ability and heavy metal adsorption property during biochar aging. Fuel Process. Technol. 240, 107580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuproc.2022.107580 (2023).","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"46274_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, T., Li, J.-P., Li, Z.-P., Cheng, X.-W., 2024. Eco-friendly modified biochar for phosphate removal: adsorption mechanism and application in pressed vegetable wastewater treatment. \u5170\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u673a\u6784\u5e93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ees.2024.0132","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2024.0132"},{"key":"46274_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.04.004","volume":"261","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. et al. Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by different surface-modified biochars: Acid washing, nanoscale zero-valent iron and ferric iron loading. Bioresour. Technol. 261, 142\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.04.004 (2018).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"46274_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.03.002","volume":"332","author":"H Dong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dong, H. et al. Stabilization of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with modified biochar for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. J. Hazard. Mater. 332, 79\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.03.002 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"46274_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He, R., Yuan, X., Huang, Z., Wang, H., Jiang, L., Huang, J., Tan, M., Li, H., 2019. Activated biochar with iron-loading and its application in removing Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. Colloids Surf., A 579, 123642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.123642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.123642"},{"key":"46274_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00184-9","volume":"4","author":"X Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, X. et al. Development of a new hydrophobic magnetic biochar for removing oil spills on the water surface. Biochar 4, 60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-022-00184-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"46274_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.7182","volume":"98","author":"NA Awang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awang, N. A., Wan Salleh, W. N., Aziz, F., Yusof, N. & Ismail, A. F. A review on preparation, surface enhancement and adsorption mechanism of biochar\u2010supported nano zero\u2010valent iron adsorbent for hazardous heavy metals. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 98, 22\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jctb.7182 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"46274_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9020154","volume":"9","author":"I Elsayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elsayed, I., Schueneman, G. T., El-Giar, E. M. & Hassan, E. B. Amino-functionalized cellulose nanofiber\/lignosulfonate new aerogel adsorbent for the removal of dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. Gels 9, 154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9020154 (2023).","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"46274_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE03530H","volume":"16","author":"X Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, X., Eguchi, M., Asakura, Y., Pan, L. & Yamauchi, Y. Metal\u2013organic framework derivatives for promoted capacitive deionization of oxygenated saline water. Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 1815\u20131820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2EE03530H (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"46274_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.128798","volume":"351","author":"F Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, F. et al. Physicochemical properties and reaction characteristics of pyrolysis chars produced from various spent tires components and temperatures: A case study. Fuel 351, 128798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.128798 (2023).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"46274_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138523","volume":"327","author":"Z Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, Z. et al. Enhanced removal of phenanthrene and nutrients in wetland sediment with metallic biochar: Performance and mechanisms. Chemosphere 327, 138523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138523 (2023).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"46274_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-02011-y","volume":"22","author":"K Bai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bai, K. et al. Effects of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and biochar application on phosphorus availability and tomato growth under phosphorus stress. BMC Biol. 22, 211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12915-024-02011-y (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"46274_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44246-025-00193-w","volume":"4","author":"L Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu, L. et al. Biochar promotes FePO4 solubilization through modulating organic acids excreted by Talaromyces pinophilus. Carbon. Res. 4, 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44246-025-00193-w (2025).","journal-title":"Carbon. Res."},{"key":"46274_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123636","volume":"347","author":"T Si","year":"2024","unstructured":"Si, T. et al. Enhancing soil redox dynamics: Comparative effects of Fe-modified biochar (N\u2013Fe and S-Fe) on Fe oxide transformation and Cd immobilization. Environ. Pollut. 347, 123636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123636 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"46274_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2022.112142","volume":"242","author":"D Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. Insight into biomass pyrolysis mechanism based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin: Evolution of volatiles and kinetics, elucidation of reaction pathways, and characterization of gas, biochar and bio-oil. Combust. Flame 242, 112142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.combustflame.2022.112142 (2022).","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"46274_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-024-01557-y","volume":"58","author":"E Sygu\u0142a","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sygu\u0142a, E., Ciolkosz, D. & Bia\u0142owiec, A. The significance of structural components of lignocellulosic biomass on volatile organic compounds presence on biochar\u2014a review. Wood Sci. Technol. 58, 859\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00226-024-01557-y (2024).","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"46274_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tan, H., Lee, C.T., Ong, P.Y., Wong, K.Y., Bong, C.P.C., Li, C., Gao, Y., 2021. A Review on the comparison between slow pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis on the quality of lignocellulosic and lignin-based biochar. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1051, 012075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/1051\/1\/012075","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1051\/1\/012075"},{"key":"46274_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149354","volume":"799","author":"M Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan, M. et al. In situ characterization of functional groups of biochar in pyrolysis of cellulose. Sci. Total Environ. 799, 149354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149354 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"46274_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1039\/C8GC01748D","volume":"20","author":"Z Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Shen, D., Wu, C. & Gu, S. State-of-the-art on the production and application of carbon nanomaterials from biomass. Green Chem. 20, 5031\u20135057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8GC01748D (2018).","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"46274_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13041097","volume":"13","author":"JM De La Rosa","year":"2023","unstructured":"De La Rosa, J. M. et al. Suitability of volcanic ash, rice husk ash, green compost and biochar as amendments for a Mediterranean alkaline soil. Agronomy 13, 1097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy13041097 (2023).","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"46274_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157414","volume":"846","author":"Z Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong, Z. et al. Effects of oxygen on the adsorption\/oxidation of aqueous Sb(III) by Fe-loaded biochar: An X-ray absorption spectroscopy study. Sci. Total Environ. 846, 157414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157414 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"46274_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101677","volume":"39","author":"B Sajjadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sajjadi, B. et al. Double-layer magnetized\/functionalized biochar composite: Role of microporous structure for heavy metal removals. J. Water Process. Eng. 39, 101677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101677 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"46274_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gamba, O.A., Badawi, M., Barres, O., Lain\u00e9, J., Mesquita, J., Foucaud, Y., 2026. Influence of pH on the surface properties of magnetite and hematite: a comprehensive spectroscopic and potentiometric study. Colloids Surf., A 737, 139573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2026.139573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2026.139573"},{"key":"46274_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, L., Sun, W., Li, R., Zhen, Y., Guo, S., Wang, B., Xu, X., 2026. High-efficiency CO2 capture and oil displacement by amine-engineered silica nanofluids enabling advanced CCUS. Environ. Sci.: Nano 13, 528\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D5EN00628G","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EN00628G"},{"key":"46274_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104046","volume":"54","author":"JO Eniola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eniola, J. O., Sizirici, B., Khaleel, A. & Yildiz, I. Fabrication of engineered biochar-iron oxide from date palm frond for the effective removal of cationic dye from wastewater. J. Water Process Eng. 54, 104046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104046 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"46274_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041492","volume":"15","author":"M Pip\u00ed\u0161ka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pip\u00ed\u0161ka, M. et al. Biochar from wood chips and corn cobs for adsorption of Thioflavin T and Erythrosine B. Materials 15, 1492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15041492 (2022).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"46274_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159037","volume":"856","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. Development of iron-based biochar for enhancing nitrate adsorption: Effects of specific surface area, electrostatic force, and functional groups. Sci. Total Environ. 856, 159037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159037 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"46274_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Ke, M., Yu, P., Liu, F., Hu, H., Li, C., 2018. High performance removal of methyl mercaptan on metal modified activated carbon. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 35.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-017-0272-1"},{"key":"46274_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202300394","volume":"19","author":"K Solanki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Solanki, K. et al. Hierarchical 3D flower\u2010like metal oxides micro\/nanostructures: Fabrication, surface modification, their crucial role in environmental decontamination, mechanistic insights, and future perspectives. Small 19, 2300394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202300394 (2023).","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"46274_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065593","volume":"15","author":"C Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Analysis of the effect of modified biochar on saline\u2013alkali soil remediation and crop growth. Sustainability 15, 5593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15065593 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"46274_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7401","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02905-3","volume":"14","author":"NM Amer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amer, N. M., Lahijani, P., Mohammadi, M. & Mohamed, A. R. Modification of biomass-derived biochar: A practical approach towards development of sustainable CO2 adsorbent. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 7401\u20137448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-022-02905-3 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomass Conv. Bioref."},{"key":"46274_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00467-x","volume":"7","author":"J Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Jiang, Y., Chen, X., Wang, C. & Nan, H. Unlocking the potential of element-doped biochar: From tailored synthesis to multifunctional applications in environment and energy. Biochar 7, 77\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-025-00467-x (2025).","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"46274_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2023.111903","volume":"210","author":"M Aalim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aalim, M. & Shah, M. A. Role of oxygen vacancies and porosity in enhancing the electrochemical properties of microwave synthesized hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3) nanostructures for supercapacitor application. Vacuum 210, 111903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vacuum.2023.111903 (2023).","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"46274_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00497-5","volume":"7","author":"F Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu, F. et al. Peroxymonosulfate activation by peanut shell biochar-doped BiFeO3 composite to remove antibiotic resistant bacteria from aquaculture wastewater. Biochar 7, 104\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-025-00497-5 (2025).","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"46274_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11067","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-021-01997-7","volume":"13","author":"J-K Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang, J.-K., Seo, E.-J., Lee, C.-G., Moon, J.-K. & Park, S. J. Effectivity and adsorption mechanism of food waste biochar for triclosan removal: A spectroscopic and experimental approach. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 13, 11067\u201311083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-021-01997-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"46274_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121704","volume":"330","author":"X Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang, X. et al. \u03b1-Fe2O3-supported Co3O4 nanoparticles to construct highly active interfacial oxygen vacancies for ozone decomposition. Environ. Pollut. 330, 121704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121704 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"46274_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP04886D","volume":"24","author":"PS Bagus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bagus, P. S. et al. Origin of the complex main and satellite features in Fe 2p XPS of Fe2O3. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24, 4562\u20134575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1CP04886D (2022).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"46274_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., 2015. Facile synthesis of \u03b1-Fe2O3 nanodisk with superior photocatalytic performance and mechanism insight. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater.","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/16\/1\/014801"},{"key":"46274_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28334","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04526","volume":"6","author":"D Tahir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tahir, D. et al. Enhanced visible-light absorption of Fe2 O3 covered by activated carbon for multifunctional purposes: Tuning the structural, electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. ACS Omega 6, 28334\u201328346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.1c04526 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"46274_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113147","volume":"12","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Theoretical insight into NO formation and reduction at biochar N-sites: Influence of different oxygen-containing functional groups. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 12, 113147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113147 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"46274_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115771","volume":"319","author":"X Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Fate and mechanistic insights into nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) activation of sludge derived biochar reacted with Cr(VI). J. Environ. Manage. 319, 115771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115771 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"46274_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129199","volume":"417","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Lignin-based few-layered graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles for water remediation. Chem. Eng. J. 417, 129199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129199 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"46274_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.111876","volume":"12","author":"Y Yi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yi, Y., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Z. & Diao, Z. Lanthanum\/iron co-modified biochar for highly efficient adsorption of low-concentration phosphate from aqueous solution. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 12, 111876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2024.111876 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"46274_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136337","volume":"712","author":"S Chandra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chandra, S., Medha, I. & Bhattacharya, J. Potassium-iron rice straw biochar composite for sorption of nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium ions in soil for timely and controlled release. Sci. Total Environ. 712, 136337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136337 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"46274_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179184","volume":"974","author":"S Soltaninia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soltaninia, S., Eskandaripour, M., Golmohammadi, M. H., Taghavi, L. & Mehboodi, A. Nitrate pollution in urban runoff: A comprehensive risk assessment for human and ecological health. Sci. Total Environ. 974, 179184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179184 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"46274_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04042","author":"J Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Degradation of p\u2011nitrophenol on biochars: Role of persistent free radicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b04042 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"46274_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.08.047","volume":"211","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. & Ji, G. Quantitative responses of potential nitrification and denitrification rates to the size of microbial communities in rice paddy soils. Chemosphere 211, 970\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.08.047 (2018).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"46274_CR57","unstructured":"Zhi yan cai, Lai xin, Tan bing chang, 2020. Study on the adsorption performance of iron-manganese-magnesium ion-modified biochar on solution nitrate nitrogen. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences 34."},{"key":"46274_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135733","volume":"16","author":"S Haghighi Mood","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haghighi Mood, S., Pelaez-Samaniego, M. R., Han, Y., Mainali, K. & Garcia-Perez, M. Iron- and nitrogen-modified biochar for nitrate adsorption from aqueous solution. Sustainability 16, 5733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16135733 (2024).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"46274_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11061740","volume":"11","author":"P Kuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuang, P. et al. Increasing surface functionalities of FeCl3-modified reed waste biochar for enhanced nitrate adsorption property. Processes 11, 1740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr11061740 (2023).","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"46274_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ra07250a","volume":"14","author":"A Bukhari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bukhari, A. et al. Functionalization of Shorea faguetiana biochar using Fe2O3 nanoparticles and MXene for rapid removal of methyl blue and lead from both single and binary systems. RSC Adv. 14, 3732\u20133747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d3ra07250a (2024).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"46274_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-025-07967-3","author":"W Han","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han, W. et al. Development of agro-based engineered biochars for low concentration nitrate adsorption: Modification selection, performance, factors, mechanism, and reliability. Water Air Soil Pollut https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-025-07967-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"46274_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3815-z","volume":"26","author":"L Long","year":"2019","unstructured":"Long, L., Xue, Y., Hu, X. & Zhu, Y. Study on the influence of surface potential on the nitrate adsorption capacity of metal modified biochar. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 3065\u20133074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-018-3815-z (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"46274_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-024-07023-6","volume":"235","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Role of nitrate in the production of iron-modified hydrochar for arsenic removal. Water Air Soil Pollut. 235, 233\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-024-07023-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"46274_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Godwin, P.M., Pan, Y., Xiao, H., Afzal, M.T., 2019. Progress in preparation and application of modified biochar for improving heavy metal ion removal from wastewater. J. Bioresour. Bioprod. 4, 31\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21967\/jbb.v4i1.180","DOI":"10.21967\/jbb.v4i1.180"},{"key":"46274_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.128929","volume":"314","author":"I Ijaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ijaz, I. et al. Enhanced selective adsorption capacity of lead (II) from complex wastewater by aminopropyltriethoxysilane-functionalized biochar grafted on the MXene based on anion-synergism. Mater. Chem. Phys. 314, 128929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.128929 (2024).","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"46274_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-024-00300-x","author":"H Xin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xin, H. Potentials of emergent plant residue derived biochar to be alternative carbon-based phosphorus fertilizer by Fe(II)\/Fe(III) magnetic modification. Biochar https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42773-024-00300-x (2024).","journal-title":"Biochar"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46274-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46274-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46274-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T23:25:54Z","timestamp":1779665154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46274-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46274-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16096"}}