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Because mining environments are constantly evolving, decisions must be precise, adaptable, and timely; however, past research has often overlooked the inclusion of time factors and lifecycle phases in fleet planning. This work presents a flexible decision-making method using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) at Gol-E-Gohar Iron Mine No. 3. Its main new feature is that it divides the mine\u2019s lifespan into three periods (start-up, middle phase, and final stage) to track how priorities shift over time. For each phase\u2019s key factors, insights were gathered from 25 mining experts (from universities and industry) through side-by-side evaluations. To enhance consistency while mitigating characteristics or peculiarities associated with phase-only reviews, another Total Mine Life (TML) setup is calculated as a reference point, influencing how technical, financial, and ecological factors are evaluated and assessed at each stage. Instead of relying solely on averages, every ANP comparison, supermatrix run, ranking outcome, and sensitivity check was handled via SuperDecisions software, which also delivered the TML and split-phase outputs used for comparison. Findings show that, compared to fixed methods, the shifting method is more effective or performs better, adjusts more easily, and is more logical or coherent, matching choices to the real-world demands of each interval, so cutting costs and easing ecological strain. In the Gol-E-Gohar No. 3 example, the fleet was first reviewed using the TML benchmark, then across three time blocks, revealing how breaking it into phases helps select suitable equipment or appropriate tools actual conditions at every turn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46304-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:35:39Z","timestamp":1783380939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Appropriate fleet selection using dynamic multi-criteria decision making (case study: Gol-E-Gohar Mine No. 3)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7458-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Homayounfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Samimi Namin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"46304_CR1","first-page":"1177","volume":"12","author":"HH Ghaziania","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghaziania, H. 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Participation was entirely voluntary, informed consent was obtained from all participants, and they were free to withdraw at any stage. No personally identifiable or sensitive information was collected, and responses were analyzed in aggregate form. As the research was based on expert opinion and did not involve medical experiments or sensitive personal data, formal ethical approval was not required according to institutional research procedures. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests and no non-financial conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all expert panel participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"20885"}}