{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T11:03:44Z","timestamp":1776683024663,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002352","name":"Ain Shams University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) increasingly benefits from soft robotic platforms that offer enhanced compliance and safer human\u2013robot interaction. However, one of the most important challenges of design is still to achieve larger bending at low actuation pressure while maintaining structural integrity. This paper introduces a proposed novel soft robotic endoscope aimed at maximizing bending performance and reducing needed pressure in complex surgeries below the maximum limit of blood pressure, which is 0.24 bar (Boutouyrie in Hypertension 34(4):475\u2013480, 1999), to enhance patients\u2019 safety and reduce their trauma. The proposed design demonstrates significant improvements in both bending angle and operating pressure compared to existing architecture. Finite element modeling was utilized to evaluate the performance of the novel design under several test cases. Then, machine learning techniques were implemented to develop an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model aimed at predicting the most effective parameters needed for testing the design. Instead of implementing Finite Element Analysis for each new design, a highly accurate model will now predict bending angle, twisting angle, bending speed and twisting speed for the proposed design under any input pressure conditions. Experimental validation was developed by fabricating the module and testing it to validate the proposed design\u2019s performance. The results show that the proposed design achieves higher bending angles at same pressures, compared to previous designs, under the specified design conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46334-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:54:59Z","timestamp":1776678899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of a soft robotic endoscope with enhanced bending and AI-based prediction"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Hani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed N.","family":"Elghitany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Sweif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shady A.","family":"Maged","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"46334_CR1","first-page":"475","volume":"34","author":"P Boutouyrie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boutouyrie, P. et al. Association between local pulse pressure, mean blood pressure, and large-artery remodeling. Hypertension 34(3), 475\u2013480 (1999).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"46334_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11146586","volume":"11","author":"AB Dawood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dawood, A. B. et al. Fusing dexterity and perception for soft robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery: What we learnt from STIFF-FLOP. Appl. Sci. 11, 6586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11146586 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"46334_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gifari, M.W. Study on the design of soft surgical robots for endoscopic NOTES applications. University of Twente 2018.","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2010"},{"key":"46334_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167391","volume":"11","author":"M Runciman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Runciman, M., Avery, J., Darzi, A. & Mylonas, G. Open loop position control of soft hydraulic actuators for minimally invasive surgery. Appl. Sci. 11, 7391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11167391 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"46334_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/act10060130","volume":"10","author":"Q Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao, Q. & Sun, Z. A novel design of water-activated variable stiffness endoscopic manipulator with safe thermal insulation. Actuators 10, 130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/act10060130 (2021).","journal-title":"Actuators"},{"key":"46334_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lenssen, J.A., Naghibi, H., Abayazid, M. Evaluation of design aspects of modular pneumatic soft robotic endoscopes. In: 2019 2nd IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft). 2019. p.56\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROBOSOFT.2019.8722749.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOSOFT.2019.8722749"},{"issue":"1","key":"46334_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2024.3503894","volume":"7","author":"DS Esser","year":"2025","unstructured":"Esser, D. S. et al. Encoding desired deformation profiles in endoscope-like soft robots. IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics. 7(1), 392\u2013403 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics."},{"key":"46334_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1875","author":"H Abidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abidi, H. et al. Highly dexterous 2-module soft robot for intra-organ navigation in minimally invasive surgery. 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