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This study evaluated the dose-dependent efficacy of praziquantel against naturally occurring\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    encysted metacercariae (EMC) under controlled laboratory conditions and explored its potential mode of action via molecular docking. A total of 105 naturally infected catfish (150\u2013250 g) were randomly assigned to seven groups. Each treatment consisted of three independent replicate tanks (experimental units), with five fish per tank (n\u2009=\u200915 fish per treatment)\n                    <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Treatments included a control group (0 mg\/L) and six praziquantel groups administered as single doses (0.5, 2, or 3 mg\/L for 24 h) or double doses repeated after 7 days. Parasitological, histopathological, and pro-inflammatory gene expression analyses (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2) were performed. The highest efficacy was achieved with double-dose 3 mg\/L, resulting in\n                    <jats:bold>9<\/jats:bold>\n                    4.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1% parasite reduction (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with clear dose-dependent trends (single-dose: 28.8\u201367.9%; double-dose: 43.7\u201394.2%). Histopathological analysis showed reduced cyst burden and tissue lesions, while inflammatory markers were significantly downregulated in treated groups. To investigate praziquantel\u2019s mechanism of action, in silico docking targeted\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), a key mitochondrial enzyme. Praziquantel exhibited strong binding affinity (\u20136.1 kcal\/mol; RMSD\u2009=\u20090.0 \u00c5), forming stable hydrophobic interactions with conserved residues (Val55A, Ala58A, Leu88A, Phe91A, Trp142A). The localization of Trp142A within the active site suggests potential enzyme inhibition, supporting a mitochondrial mechanism of action. These findings confirm praziquantel\u2019s effectiveness against\n                    <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    EMC and identify COI as a potential molecular target. Given its critical role in human medicine, further research into resistance risks, environmental safety, and regulatory frameworks in aquaculture is recommended.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46340-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T10:25:21Z","timestamp":1779272721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of the antiparasitic efficacy of praziquantel against Prohemistomum vivax (Cyathocotylidae) metacercariae in naturally infected African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1406-7030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdelsalam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimaa","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reda M. 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