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Moreover, the modulatory role of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides (APS) under this toxic stress is still poorly understood, despite the widespread presence of Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs in aquatic ecosystems and the need for effective mitigation strategies for sustainable aquaculture. In this study\n                    <jats:italic>, Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was exposed to Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs (10 mg\/L) with or without dietary APS (1.5 or 3 mg\/kg) for four weeks. A total of 270 fish (initial weight\u2009=\u200925.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.086 g) were randomly distributed into six triplicate groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915 per group) as control, APS (1.5\u00a0mg\/kg\u20133\u00a0mg\/kg), Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs, and two co-treated groups (Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs\u2009+\u2009APS). Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs exposure showed significant effects on growth performance compared to the control group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), as shown by the decrease in final weight (FW: -9.4%), weight gain (WG: \u2212 21.4%), specific growth rate (SGR: -17.1%), along with an increase in feed conversion ratio (FCR:\u2009+\u200916.9%). Liver function was severely affected, as evidenced by an increase in ALT levels (+\u200939%) and decrease in total protein (\u2212 26.5%) and IgM levels (\u2212 19.3%) (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In addition, the expression of antioxidant-related genes, such as\n                    <jats:italic>CAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>SOD<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was downregulated, while the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as\n                    <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as stress-related gene, such as\n                    <jats:italic>MT<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was upregulated in the liver and gills (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Histopathological examination showed noticeable degenerative and necrotic changes in the liver, kidney, muscle, gill, and spleen tissues. Co-treatment with APS, particularly at 3 mg\/kg, significantly improved growth parameters (FW, 20.3% increase; WG, 53.1% increase; and SGR, 38.8% increase) (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), ameliorated hepatic and renal histopathological changes, restored antioxidant gene expression and normalized inflammatory mediators compared with the Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs-exposed group. Compared with the Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs\u2013exposed group, the survival rate increased by 5.3%, ALT levels decreased by 60.1%, while total protein and IgM levels increased by 29.6% and 8.9%, respectively. Overall, APS supplementation effectively mitigated Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs-induced toxicity in\n                    <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    by regulating antioxidant capacity, suppressing inflammatory responses, and improving tissue structure, highlighting its potential as an eco-friendly functional food additive to protect fish health under nano-toxic stress\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46411-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T07:35:30Z","timestamp":1776065730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective effects of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide against aluminum oxide nanoparticle-induced growth retardation and oxidative-immunological disruption in Oreochromis niloticus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ola Hasan Abd El","family":"Megeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha M.","family":"Rashad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada E.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Elmaghraby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fady Sayed","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahr B.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"46411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Guan, X., et al.\u00a0Atorvastatin inhibits renal inflammatory response induced by calcium oxalate crystals via inhibiting the activation of TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and NLRP3 inflammasome. 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