{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:23:18Z","timestamp":1782951798072,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46525-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T04:56:30Z","timestamp":1774760190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Insulator string defect detection method for transmission lines based on image color analysis and multi-scale feature compensation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinhai","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"46525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9019","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3224956","volume":"19","author":"N Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei, N. et al. Detecting insulator strings as linked chain structure in smart grid inspection. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 19, 9019\u20139027 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"key":"46525_CR2","first-page":"e11293","volume":"5","author":"G Talal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Talal, G. et al. Experimental measurement of electric field near the insulator string. Stud. Eng. Exact Sci. 5, e11293\u2013e11293 (2024).","journal-title":"Stud. Eng. Exact Sci."},{"key":"46525_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-022-10189-2","volume":"56","author":"Y Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo, Y. et al. A survey of intelligent transmission line inspection based on unmanned aerial vehicle. Artif. Intell. Rev. 56, 173\u2013201 (2023).","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"46525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloei.2025.08.001","volume":"8","author":"Xizhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xizhou et al. A review of research on intelligent fault detection of power equipment based on infrared and voiceprint:methods,applications and challenges. Glob. Energy Interconnect. 8, 821\u2013846 (2025).","journal-title":"Glob. Energy Interconnect."},{"key":"46525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-024-10093-8","volume":"31","author":"M Amiriebrahimabadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amiriebrahimabadi, M., Rouhi, Z. & Mansouri, N. A comprehensive survey of multi-level thresholding segmentation methods for image processing. Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. 31, 3647\u20133697 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"46525_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCAT.2021.114990","volume":"65","author":"M Keyvanpour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keyvanpour, M., Reza, S., Vahidian & Mirzakhani, Z. An analytical review of texture feature extraction approaches. Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol. 65, 118\u2013133 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol."},{"key":"46525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3305667","volume":"72","author":"F Shuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shuang, F. et al. Detail R-CNN: Insulator detection based on detail feature enhancement and metric learning. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 72, 1\u201310 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"46525_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3179975","volume":"10","author":"Z Xuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xuan, Z., Ding, J. & Mao, J. Intelligent identification method of insulator defects based on CenterMask. IEEE Access. 10, 1\u201310 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"46525_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z. A Co-random walks segmentation method for aerial insulator video images. In 12th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI), vol. 1, 1\u2013173 (IEEE, 2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI48845.2019.8965850"},{"key":"46525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10646-0","volume":"80","author":"M Bansal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bansal, M., Kumar, M. & Manish Kumar. 2D object recognition: a comparative analysis of SIFT, SURF and ORB feature descriptors. Multimed. Tools Appl. 80, 1\u201312 (2021).","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"46525_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3390\/e23121599","volume":"23","author":"B Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, B. et al. A hybrid preaching optimization algorithm based on Kapur entropy for multilevel thresholding color image segmentation. Entropy 23, 1599\u20131603 (2021).","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"46525_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12622","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12622","volume":"37","author":"M Dias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dias, M. et al. Semantic segmentation and colorization of grayscale aerial imagery with W-Net models. Expert Syst. 37, 12622\u201312632 (2020).","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"key":"46525_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"73","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. MCI-GLA plug-in suitable for YOLO series models for transmission line insulator defect detection. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 73, 1\u201312 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"46525_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78706","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2922257","volume":"7","author":"Y Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu, Y. et al. Texture-and-shape based active contour model for insulator segmentation. IEEE Access. 7, 78706\u201378714 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"46525_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/rs18010071","volume":"18","author":"C Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. KGE\u2013SwinFpn: Knowledge Graph Embedding in Swin Feature Pyramid Networks for Accurate Landslide Segmentation in Remote Sensing Images. Remote Sens. 18, 71 (2025).","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"46525_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.54097\/19dg1g42","volume":"14","author":"Mingyang Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mingyang Xu. Plastic parts surface defect detection algorithm based on path-augmentation multi-level feature pyramid network. Front. Comput. Intell. Syst. 14, 64\u201372 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"46525_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-024-01426-8","volume":"21","author":"X He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, X. Improving small object detection via context-aware and feature-enhanced plug-and-play modules. J. Real-Time Image Proc. 21, 1\u201316 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Real-Time Image Proc."},{"key":"46525_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3400026","volume":"12","author":"C Di","year":"2024","unstructured":"Di, C. et al. Convolutional neural network-based multiscale feature selection and evaluation in image segmentation. IEEE Access. 12, 1\u201310 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"46525_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.113783","volume":"167","author":"Jiahao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jiahao et al. Progressive deep feature learning network based on fault-aware deformable convolution and its application in railway defect visual inspection. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 167, 113783\u2013113783 (2026).","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"46525_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omar, F. et al. Cervical cancer diagnosis using CT images: Enhancing the Swin Transformer model with global attention mechanism and stochastic depth biomedical signal processing and control. 116, 109519\u2013109519 (2026).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.109519"},{"key":"46525_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031557","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Chen, H. & Huang, S. Detection of missing insulator caps based on machine learning and morphological detection. Sensors 23, 1557 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"46525_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5741","DOI":"10.3390\/app13095741","volume":"13","author":"Y Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi, Y., Li, Y. & Anyu Du. Research on an insulator defect detection method based on improved YOLOv5. Appl. Sci. 13, 5741 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"46525_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"72","author":"Z Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, Z. et al. Deformable YOLOX: Detection and rust warning method of transmission line connection fittings based on image processing technology. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 72, 1\u201310 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"46525_CR24","first-page":"52","volume":"99","author":"Wenqiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wenqiang et al. An automated defect detection approach for catenary rod-insulator textured surfaces using unsupervised learning. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 99, 52 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"46525_CR25","first-page":"1579","volume":"51","author":"Yuanbin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuanbin et al. Insulator self-explosion detection based on mixed samples and transfer learning. Int. J. Comput. Sci. 51, 1579\u20131586 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"46525_CR26","first-page":"4","volume":"33","author":"C Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, C. et al. Dual-space graph-based interaction network for RGB-thermal semantic segmentation in electric power scene. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 33, 4 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"46525_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2026.113838","volume":"167","author":"Jin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jin et al. A dual-branch fusion network based on Convolutional Neural Network and Mamba for outdoor fire detection. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. IEEE. 167, 113838\u2013113838 (2026).","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. IEEE"},{"key":"46525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2024.3350162","volume":"39","author":"B Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, B. et al. Occluded insulator detection system based on YOLOX of multi-scale feature fusion. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 39, 2 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"46525_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s44248-025-00086-8","volume":"3","author":"Hari Prasad Piridi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hari Prasad Piridi. DVAE-GNN: A dual variational autoencoder graph neural network for unsupervised anomaly detection in static attributed networks. Discover Data. 3, 52 (2025).","journal-title":"Discover Data"},{"key":"46525_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2026.115269","volume":"119","author":"Dujian","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dujian et al. Deterioration detection and safety assessment for reinforced concrete structures caused by rebar corrosion in coastal areas based on YOLOv7-AM. J. Build. Eng. 119, 115269\u2013115269 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"46525_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2023.104697","volume":"135","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Improved YOLOX-X based UAV aerial photography object detection algorithm. Image Vis. Comput. 135, 104697 (2023).","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"46525_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3390\/info15090519","volume":"15","author":"Wanqing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wanqing et al. A lightweight crop pest detection method based on improved RTMDet. Information. 15, 519\u2013519 (2024).","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"46525_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.09.002","volume":"6","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. High precision detection algorithm based on improved RetinaNet for defect recognition of transmission lines. Energy Rep. 6, 2430\u20132440 (2020).","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"46525_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J. Research on pavement disease detection method based on improved mask R-CNN. In IEEE 2nd International Conference on Sensors, Electronics and Computer Engineering (ICSECE), 1670\u20131676 (IEEE, 2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSECE61636.2024.10729350"},{"key":"46525_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, A. et al. Deep attention-multistage GAN with sparse dense fusion R-CNN for high-resolution and object detection in surveillance system. Opt. Memory Neural Netw. 34 566\u2013580 (2025).","DOI":"10.3103\/S1060992X2560003X"},{"key":"46525_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175496","volume":"24","author":"Y Kong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong, Y., Shang, X. & Jia, S. Drone-DETR: Efficient small object detection for remote sensing image using enhanced RT-DETR model. Sensors 24, 17 (2024).","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46525-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46525-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46525-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:02:58Z","timestamp":1774951378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46525-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46525-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10696"}}