{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1783901289110,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":63,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46537-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:23:04Z","timestamp":1778512984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating experimental data and machine learning to predict collapse potential of loessic and lacustrine\u2013alluvial soils using suction and SWCC parameters"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Azam Al-Sadat","family":"Tabatabaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayyed Mahdi","family":"Abtahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Hashemolhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alborz","family":"Hajiannia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"46537_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, G. A. & Khoury, C. K. K. Muralee Muraleetharan, Chunyang Liu, and Tohren C. G. Kibbey. \u2018Effects of soil skeleton deformations on hysteretic soil water characteristic curves: Experiments and simulations.\u00a0Water Resources Research 44. (2008).","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006492"},{"key":"46537_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-025-02569-z","volume":"20","author":"T-G Lan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lan, T.-G., Xu, L., Lu, S.-F. & Ma, M.-y. Modeling negative skin friction development in a single pile in collapsible loess subjected to progressive wetting. Acta Geotech. 20, 3309\u201327 (2025).","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"46537_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-025-02808-3","author":"BG Santos-Neta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Santos-Neta, B. G., Rodr\u00edguez-Rebolledo, J. F., Ara\u00fajo, G. L. S., Silva, SOd. & Cord\u00e3o-Neto, M. P. Physical and numerical investigation of rigid inclusions in collapsible soils. Acta Geotechnica https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11440-025-02808-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Acta Geotechnica"},{"key":"46537_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31397-y","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Song, Z., Chen, H., Ruan, L. & He, S. Experimental study on collapsible and structural characteristics of artificially prepared loess material. Sci. Rep. 13, 4113 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46537_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15965-y","volume":"15","author":"F Bakhshandeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bakhshandeh, F., Noorzad, R. & Ta\u2019negonbadi, B. Experimental investigation of the properties of collapsible soil stabilized by colloidal silica. Sci. Rep. 15, 30032 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46537_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2016.02.015","volume":"205","author":"B Iranpour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iranpour, B. & haddad, A. The influence of nanomaterials on collapsible soil treatment. Eng. Geol. 205, 40\u201353 (2016).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"46537_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2022.106538","volume":"298","author":"A Seiphoori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seiphoori, A. & Mostafa Zamanian Improving mechanical behaviour of collapsible soils by grouting clay nanoparticles. Eng. Geol. 298, 106538 (2022).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"46537_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105334","volume":"264","author":"M Zimbardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zimbardo, M., Ercoli, L., Mistretta, M. C., Scaffaro, R. & Bartolomeo Megna. Collapsible intact soil stabilisation using non-aqueous polymeric vehicle. Eng. Geol. 264, 105334 (2020).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"46537_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Yang, S., Zhang, J. & Chen, B. Probabilistic Estimation of Soil-Water Characteristic Curves of Fine-grained Soils. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science\u00a0861. (2021).","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/861\/3\/032097"},{"key":"46537_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000371","volume":"138","author":"C Malaya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malaya, C. & Sreedeep, S. Critical review on the parameters influencing soil-water characteristic curve. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 138, 55\u201362 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"46537_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83258-x","volume":"14","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. Estimation of the wetting induced settlement of loess soils from the wetting soil-water characteristic curve. Sci. Rep. 14, 31533 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46537_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31026\/j.eng.2022.05.04","author":"AAH Mohsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohsen, A. A. H. & Albusoda, B. S. The Collapsible Soil, Types, Mechanism, and identification: A Review Study. Journal of Engineering https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31026\/j.eng.2022.05.04 (2022).","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering"},{"key":"46537_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opukumo, A., Wilson, C., Davie, S., Glendinning & Ebiegberi Oborie. A review of the identification methods and types of collapsible soils. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 69. (2022).","DOI":"10.1186\/s44147-021-00064-2"},{"key":"46537_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1515\/jmbm-2022-0067","volume":"31","author":"QA Al-Obaidi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Obaidi, Q. A. & Schanz, T. Deformation of unsaturated collapsible soils under suction control. J. Mech. Behav. Mater. 31, 623\u201330 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Mater."},{"key":"46537_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220210","DOI":"10.1515\/jmbm-2022-0210","volume":"32","author":"Q Al-Obaidi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Obaidi, Q. & Tom Schanz Soil\u2013water characteristic curve of unsaturated collapsible soils. J. Mech. Behav. Mater. 32, 20220210 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Mater."},{"key":"46537_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325646","author":"N Bello","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bello, N., Satyanaga, A., Gofar, N. & Kim, J. Estimation of bimodal soil-water characteristics curve under wetting process. PLOS One https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0325646 (2025).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"46537_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93987-2","volume":"15","author":"N Bello","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bello, N. et al. An innovative modelling technique for bimodal soil water characteristic curve under wetting process. Sci. Rep. 15, 11837 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46537_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13526","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13526","volume":"10","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Study on soil-water characteristic curves in the profiles of collapsing walls of typical granite Benggang in southeast China. PeerJ 10, e13526 (2022).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"46537_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dafalla, M. & Al-Mahbashi, A. M. Identifying Problematic Soils Using Compressibility and Suction Characteristics. Buildings. (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14020521"},{"key":"46537_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9530","DOI":"10.3390\/app15179530","volume":"15","author":"KC Madhu Sudan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Madhu Sudan, K. C. & Li, X. Collapse Behavior of Compacted Clay in a Water Content-Controlled Oedometer Apparatus. Appl. Sci. 15, 9530 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"46537_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, N. et al. and. Evaluation of collapsible deformation of foundation under rectangular load based on the improved binary medium model. PLOS One, 20. (2025).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336044"},{"key":"46537_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/145412","author":"WJ Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, W. J., Zhou, C. S., Hu, J., Ma, F. & Wang, Z. Soil-Water Characteristic Curves and Fitting Models of Collapsible Loess: A Case Study of Lanzhou, China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15244\/pjoes\/145412 (2022).","journal-title":"Polish Journal of Environmental Studies"},{"key":"46537_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1029\/93WR02676","volume":"30","author":"W Durner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Durner, W. Hydraulic conductivity estimation for soils with heterogeneous pore structure. Water Resour. Res. 30, 211\u2013223 (1994).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"46537_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., H. Liao, X. Chai, Y. Li, and Longlong Lv. A hysteretic model considering contact angle hysteresis for fitting soil-water characteristic curves. Water Resources Research. 57 (2021).","DOI":"10.1029\/2019WR026889"},{"key":"46537_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Luo, X., Fu, M. & Huang, J. Experiment and modeling of soil-water characteristic curve of unsaturated soil in collapsing erosion area. Pol. J. Environ. Stud.\u00a025. (2016).","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/64307"},{"key":"46537_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, F. N. & da Jose Camapum de Carvalho, Gilson de F. N. (ed Gitirana Jr.) Roberto Dutra Alves, Jaqueline Costa de Souza, and Renato Marques Cabral. Evaluation of Soil-Water Characteristic Curve Prediction Models with Emphasis on Tropical Soils. World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. (2022).","DOI":"10.11159\/icgre22.230"},{"key":"46537_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Wu, J., Li, P. & Wang, Y. and Ningning Yang. Evaluation of soil-water characteristic curves for different textural soils using fractal analysis. Water. (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/w15040772"},{"key":"46537_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1139\/T10-060","volume":"48","author":"D Fredlund","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fredlund, D., Sheng, D. & Zhao, J. Estimation of soil suction from the soil-water characteristic curve. Can. Geotech. J. 48, 186\u2013198 (2011).","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"46537_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36348\/sjce.2023.v07i03.003","author":"I Dada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dada, I., Oluwaseun, M. G. & Oba, E. A. Predictive model for flood \u2013 induced collapse phenomenon in residual soils of northern Edo, Nigeria. Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36348\/sjce.2023.v07i03.003 (2023).","journal-title":"Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering"},{"key":"46537_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mounika, N., Ammavajjala, R. & Basha, M. B, and Arif Moghal. Effect of Hysteretic SWCC on Marappalam Rainfall Triggered Slope Failure. (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7245-4_12"},{"key":"46537_CR31","unstructured":"Fredlund. Role of the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve in Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. (2018)."},{"key":"46537_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-023-02593-4","author":"S Motameni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Motameni, S., Rostami, F., Farzai, S. & Soroush, A. A comparative analysis of machine learning models for predicting loess collapse potential. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10706-023-02593-4 (2023).","journal-title":"Geotechnical and Geological Engineering"},{"key":"46537_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trgeo.2024.101327","volume":"48","author":"Q Mu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mu, Q., Song, T., Lu, Z., Xiao, T. & Zhang, L. Evaluation of the collapse susceptibility of loess using machine learning. Transp. Geotechnics. 48, 101327 (2024).","journal-title":"Transp. Geotechnics"},{"key":"46537_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199986","volume":"12","author":"A Ghanizadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghanizadeh, A., Delaram, A., Fakharian, P. & Armaghani, D. J. Developing predictive models of collapse settlement and coefficient of stress release of sandy-gravel soil via evolutionary polynomial regression. Applied Sciences 12, 9986 (2022).","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"46537_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-023-02447-z","volume":"41","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Rahardjo, H., Satyanaga, A., Zhai, Q. & He, J. A general best-fitting equation for the multimodal soil\u2013water characteristic curve. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 41, 1\u201314 (2023).","journal-title":"Geotechnical and Geological Engineering"},{"key":"46537_CR36","unstructured":"ASTMD-5333. Standard test method for measurement of collapse potential of soils (ASTM International, 2003)."},{"key":"46537_CR37","first-page":"797","volume":"6A","author":"Z Jian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jian, Z. & Yu, J.-L. Influences affecting the soil-water characteristic curve. J Zhejiang Univ SCI 6A 6A, 797\u2013804 (2005).","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ SCI 6A"},{"key":"46537_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Ni, W., Kangze, Y., Nie, Y. & Li, L. Study on SWCC and PSD evolution of compacted loess before and after drying-wetting cycles.\u00a0Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment.\u00a082 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-023-03218-z"},{"key":"46537_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1139\/t00-026","volume":"37","author":"D Fredlund","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fredlund, D. The 1999 R.M. hardy lecture: The implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics into geotechnical engineering. Can. Geotech. J. - CAN. GEOTECH. J. 37, 963\u2013986 (2000).","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J. - CAN. GEOTECH. J."},{"key":"46537_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1139\/t94-061","volume":"31","author":"D Fredlund","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fredlund, D. & Xing, A. Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Can. Geotech. J. 31, 521\u201332 (1994).","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"46537_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081947","volume":"14","author":"S Gupta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gupta, S. et al. Global Mapping of Soil Water Characteristics Parameters - Fusing Curated Data with Machine Learning and Environmental Covariates. Remote. Sens. 14, 1947 (2022).","journal-title":"Remote. Sens."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46537-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46537-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46537-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T23:21:13Z","timestamp":1783898473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46537-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46537-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21719"}}