{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:53:20Z","timestamp":1776063200145,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI), whether induced by nephrotoxins like glycerol or by gamma radiation, is characterized by severe oxidative stress and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated the protective mechanism of sodium propionate (SP) against AKI in a rat model. Six experimental groups were established: (I) control rats were given saline; (II) rats were administered SP (37.5\u00a0mg\/kg, p.o.) for two weeks; (III) rats were given an intramuscular injection of glycerol 10 mL\/kg body weight; (IV) rats were given glycerol followed by SP treatment for two weeks; (V) rats were exposed to fractionated gamma-radiation (8\u00a0Gy; delivered as 2\u00a0Gy x 4 times); and (VI) \u03b3-irradiated rats were treated with SP for two weeks. In comparison to AKI rats, SP treatment significantly preserved renal function, reduced serum urea and creatinine, and improved histopathological features. Biochemically, SP reduced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation (malondialdehyde MDA, protein carbonyl PC, and lipofuscin) while restoring antioxidant defenses as reduced glutathione (GSH) and methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA). SP restored mitophagy flux by increasing microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3II\/LC3I) ratio and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK-1) levels, promoting p62 clearance, and downregulating the mitochondrial stress marker, activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5), relative to the untreated AKI groups. These findings demonstrate that SP confers protection against AKI by attenuating oxidative stress and re-establishing mitochondrial quality control through re-establishment of autophagic flux. Hence, SP represents a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in nephrotoxin- and \u03b3-radiation-induced renal injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46553-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T15:13:58Z","timestamp":1776006838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective role of sodium propionate against glycerol or fractionated doses of gamma rays-induced acute kidney injury via ATF5-induced mitophagy in rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9719-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud E.","family":"Habieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5592-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira","family":"Abd-ElRaouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0540-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Y.","family":"Abdou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"46553_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2023.100135","volume":"5","author":"S Jana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jana, S. et al. Early diagnostic biomarkers for acute kidney injury using cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat model. Curr. Res. Toxicol. 5, 100135 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"46553_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061704","volume":"9","author":"J Gameiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gameiro, J. et al. Acute kidney injury: from diagnosis to prevention and treatment strategies. J. Clin. Med. 9 (6), 1704 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"46553_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2021.1879000","volume":"58","author":"Y Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen, Y. & Parikh, C. R. Current concepts and advances in biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 58 (5), 354\u2013368 (2021).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"issue":"44","key":"46553_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41865","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c06792","volume":"8","author":"S Rizk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rizk, S. et al. Nephroprotective Efficacy of Echinops spinosus against a Glycerol-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Model. ACS Omega. 8 (44), 41865\u201341875 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"12","key":"46553_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4123-z","volume":"34","author":"JS Isenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Isenberg, J. S. & Roberts, D. D. The role of CD47 in pathogenesis and treatment of renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Pediatr. Nephrol. 34 (12), 2479\u20132494 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/1871529X1401140724093505","volume":"14","author":"P Basile","year":"2014","unstructured":"Basile, P., Yoder, M. C. & D. and Renal endothelial dysfunction in acute kidney ischemia reperfusion injury. Targets-Cardiovascular Hematol. Disorders). 14 (1), 3\u201314 (2014). Cardiovascular& Haematological Disorders-Drug Targetsrug","journal-title":"Targets-Cardiovascular Hematol. Disorders)"},{"issue":"7","key":"46553_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120907136","volume":"39","author":"E Hashish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashish, E. et al. \u03b2-Amyrin supplementation ameliorates the toxic effect of glycerol in the kidney of rat model. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 39 (7), 930\u2013937 (2020).","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR8","first-page":"181","volume":"102","author":"S Shaikhouni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shaikhouni, S. & Yessayan, L. Management of acute kidney injury\/renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. Surg. Clin. 102 (1), 181\u2013198 (2022).","journal-title":"Surg. Clin."},{"issue":"2","key":"46553_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12602","volume":"28","author":"A Kapisiz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kapisiz, A. et al. Protective effects of lupeol in rats with renal ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury. Experimental Therapeutic Med. 28 (2), 1\u201310 (2024).","journal-title":"Experimental Therapeutic Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10693-4","volume":"7","author":"J Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu, J. et al. Effect of curcumin on glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 10114 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"46553_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092455","volume":"13","author":"C Tamargo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tamargo, C., Hanouneh, M. & Cervantes, C. E. Treatment of acute kidney injury: a review of current approaches and emerging innovations. J. Clin. Med. 13 (9), 2455 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"46553_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000179594","volume":"4","author":"D Wilson","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wilson, D. et al. Glycerol induced hemoglobinuric acute renal failure in the rat: III. Micropuncture study of the effects of mannitol and isotonic saline on individual nephron function. Nephron 4 (6), 337\u2013355 (1967).","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12191213","volume":"10","author":"JL Alge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alge, J. L. & Arthur, J. M. Biomarkers of AKI: a review of mechanistic relevance and potential therapeutic implications. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10 (1), 147\u2013155 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"issue":"8","key":"46553_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000315","volume":"69","author":"E Homsi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Homsi, E., Janino, P. & De Faria, J. Role of caspases on cell death, inflammation, and cell cycle in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 69 (8), 1385\u20131392 (2006).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"46553_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.03.018","volume":"683","author":"MM Helmy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Helmy, M. M. & El-Gowelli, H. M. Montelukast abrogates rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure via rectifying detrimental changes in antioxidant profile and systemic cytokines and apoptotic factors production. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 683 (1\u20133), 294\u2013300 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"46553_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1159\/000368528","volume":"40","author":"N Panizo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panizo, N. et al. Molecular mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches to rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. Kidney Blood Press. Res. 40 (5), 520\u2013532 (2015).","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2020-0032","volume":"32","author":"AA Adedapo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adedapo, A. A. et al. Ramipril blunts glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats through its antiapoptosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and renin-inhibiting properties. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 32 (3), 225\u2013235 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"46553_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903970","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.903970","volume":"13","author":"B Infante","year":"2023","unstructured":"Infante, B. et al. Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 903970 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"46553_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0450-8","volume":"18","author":"AK Al Asmari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Asmari, A. K. et al. Protective effect of quinacrine against glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats. BMC Nephrol. 18, 1\u201310 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00533.x","volume":"56","author":"RA Zager","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zager, R. A. et al. Plasma membrane phospholipid integrity and orientation during hypoxic and toxic proximal tubular attack. Kidney Int. 56 (1), 104\u2013117 (1999).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"22","key":"46553_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8564","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228564","volume":"21","author":"SJ Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, S. J. et al. Rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI was ameliorated in NLRP3 KO mice via alleviation of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in renal tubular cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21 (22), 8564 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"46553_CR22","unstructured":"Shooshtari, M. K. et al. Renal protection by ellagic acid in a rat model of glycerol-induced acute kidney injury. in Veterinary Research Forum. (2024)."},{"issue":"10","key":"46553_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101346","volume":"16","author":"V Karunnanithy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karunnanithy, V. et al. Effectiveness of Lyoprotectants in Protein Stabilization During Lyophilization. Pharmaceutics 16 (10), 1346 (2024).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11010086","volume":"11","author":"M Gull","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gull, M. & Pasek, M. A. The role of glycerol and its derivatives in the biochemistry of living organisms, and their prebiotic origin and significance in the evolution of life. Catalysts 11 (1), 86 (2021).","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"issue":"12","key":"46553_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007475","volume":"14","author":"J Kov\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1, J. et al. Gluconeogenesis using glycerol as a substrate in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Pathog. 14 (12), e1007475 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"8","key":"46553_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2008.04942.x","volume":"35","author":"E Rieger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rieger, E. et al. Intraperitoneal glycerol induces oxidative stress in rat kidney. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 35 (8), 928\u2013933 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151158","volume":"11","author":"W Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao, W. et al. Penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment ameliorates rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI by activating the Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway and allevi-ating endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. PLoS One. 11 (3), e0151158 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"46553_CR28","first-page":"184","volume":"43","author":"R Mousleh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mousleh, R., Laham, S. A. & Al-Manadili, A. The preventive role of pioglitazone in glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats during two different treatment periods. Iran. J. Med. Sci. 43 (2), 184 (2018).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01764-y","volume":"16","author":"R Klaus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klaus, R., Niyazi, M. & Lange-Sperandio, B. Radiation-induced kidney toxicity: Molecular and cellular pathogenesis. Radiat. Oncol. 16(1), 43 (2021).","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"46553_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119388","volume":"275","author":"ME Asker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asker, M. E. et al. The efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and\/or erythropoietin in ameliorating kidney damage in gamma irradiated rats: Role of non-hematopoietic erythropoietin anti-apoptotic signaling. Life Sci. 275, 119388 (2021).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2022.12.001","volume":"10","author":"L Tzelves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tzelves, L. et al. Radiation protection measures during endourological therapies. Asian J. Urol. 10 (3), 215\u2013225 (2023).","journal-title":"Asian J. Urol."},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.02.089","volume":"76","author":"LA Dawson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dawson, L. A. et al. Radiation-associated kidney injury. Int. J. Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 76 (3), S108\u2013S115 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42239-2","volume":"13","author":"AM Soliman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soliman, A. M. et al. Novel iodoquinazolinones bearing sulfonamide moiety as potential antioxidants and neuroprotectors. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 15546 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"46553_CR34","first-page":"317","volume":"13","author":"V Yurut-Caloglu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yurut-Caloglu, V. et al. Radiation-induced acute kidney toxicity: Protective effect of L-carnitine versus amifostine. Int. J. radiation Res. 13 (4), 317 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. radiation Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"46553_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092521","volume":"11","author":"YF Mahran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahran, Y. F. et al. Radioprotective effects of carvacrol and\/or thymol against gamma irradiation-induced acute nephropathy: In silico and in vivo evidence of the involvement of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Biomedicines 11(9), 2521 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"46553_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae118","author":"V Corte-Iglesias","year":"2024","unstructured":"Corte-Iglesias, V. et al. Propionate and butyrate counteract renal damage and progression to chronic kidney disease.. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfae118 (2024).","journal-title":"Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"},{"issue":"2","key":"46553_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249143","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2249143","volume":"15","author":"X Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, X. et al. Microbial metabolite butyrate promotes anti-PD-1 antitumor efficacy by modulating T cell receptor signaling of cytotoxic CD8 T cell. Gut Microbes. 15 (2), 2249143 (2023).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"18","key":"46553_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13892","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813892","volume":"24","author":"J Modrego","year":"2023","unstructured":"Modrego, J. et al. Gut microbiota and derived short-chain fatty acids are linked to evolution of heart failure patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24 (18), 13892 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"46553_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119138","volume":"270","author":"I Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali, I. et al. Sodium propionate protect the blood-milk barrier integrity, relieve lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory injury and cells apoptosis. Life Sci. 270, 119138 (2021).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-023-01346-9","volume":"28","author":"T Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu, T. et al. Mitophagy as a mitochondrial quality control mechanism in myocardial ischemic stress: from bench to bedside. Cell. Stress Chaperones. 28 (3), 239\u2013251 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell. Stress Chaperones"},{"issue":"2","key":"46553_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200910140","volume":"189","author":"N Matsuda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matsuda, N. et al. PINK1 stabilized by mitochondrial depolarization recruits Parkin to damaged mitochondria and activates latent Parkin for mitophagy. J. Cell Biol. 189 (2), 211\u2013221 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-024-09854-9","volume":"40","author":"WN Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, W. N. et al. The mitochondrial UPR induced by ATF5 attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration via cooperating with mitophagy. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 40 (1), 16 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"17","key":"46553_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf445","volume":"21","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhao, Q. et al. A mitochondrial specific stress response in mammalian cells. EMBO J. 21 (17), 4411\u20134419 (2002).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"46553_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2024.11.001","volume":"105","author":"Y Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. ATF5-mediated mitochondrial unfolded protein response protects against Pb-induced mitochondria damage in SH-SY5Y cell. NeuroToxicology 105, 293\u2013302 (2024).","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00651-4","volume":"29","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. ATF5 regulates tubulointerstitial injury in diabetic kidney disease via mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Mol. Med. 29 (1), 57 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"46553_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.045550","volume":"55","author":"H An","year":"2024","unstructured":"An, H. et al. ATF5-Mediated Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPRmt) Protects Neurons Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 55 (7), 1904\u20131913 (2024).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05532-5","volume":"81","author":"XJ Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, X. J. et al. Gut microbiota regulates oxidative stress and inflammation: A double-edged sword in renal fibrosis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 81(1), 480 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"46553_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.174974","volume":"925","author":"Q Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, Q. et al. Propionate ameliorates diabetes-induced neurological dysfunction through regulating the PI3K\/Akt\/eNOS signaling pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 925, 174974 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2011.00936.x","volume":"26","author":"DS Sauriyal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sauriyal, D. S. et al. Investigating the role of endogenous opioids and KATP channels in glycerol-induced acute renal failure.. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology 26(3), 347\u2013355 (2012).","journal-title":"Fundamental & clinical pharmacology"},{"issue":"30","key":"46553_CR50","first-page":"2020","volume":"2013","author":"W Underwood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Underwood, W. & Anthony, R. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. Retrieved March. 2013 (30), 2020\u20132021 (2020).","journal-title":"Retrieved March"},{"key":"46553_CR51","unstructured":"Flecknell, P. Laboratory animal anaesthesia (Academic, 2015)."},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(79)90708-7","volume":"135","author":"T Yoshioka","year":"1979","unstructured":"Yoshioka, T. et al. Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 135 (3), 372\u2013376 (1979).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"46553_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6","volume":"82","author":"E Gl","year":"1959","unstructured":"Gl, E. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82, 70\u201377 (1959).","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"46553_CR54","unstructured":"Bancroft, J. D. & Gamble, M. Theory and practice of histological techniques (Elsevier health sciences, 2008)."},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198303000-00002","volume":"35","author":"P Jablonski","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jablonski, P. et al. An experimental model for assessment of renal recovery from warm ischemia. Transplantation 35 (3), 198\u2013204 (1983).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"5","key":"46553_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2020.1811442","volume":"18","author":"AA Oyagbemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oyagbemi, A. A. et al. Luteolin attenuates glycerol-induced acute renal failure and cardiac complications through modulation of kim-1\/NF-\u03baB\/Nrf2 signaling pathways. J. Diet. Supplements. 18 (5), 543\u2013565 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Diet. Supplements"},{"issue":"5","key":"46553_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3109\/08860221003778064","volume":"32","author":"E Homsi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Homsi, E., Brito, S. M. & Janino, P. Silymarin exacerbates p53-mediated tubular apoptosis in glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Ren. Fail. 32 (5), 623\u2013632 (2010).","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"46553_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04419-x","author":"HH Kahkesh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kahkesh, H. H. et al. Hesperidin provides dose-dependent renal protection from cisplatin-induced injury, mediated by its regulation of Beclin-1 and LC3-II.. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Archives of Pharmacology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04419-x (2025).","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Archives of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"46553_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117745694","volume":"37","author":"A Fouad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fouad, A. & Al-Melhim, W. Vanillin mitigates the adverse impact of cisplatin and methotrexate on rat kidneys. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 37 (9), 937\u2013943 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"46553_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02866-y","volume":"397","author":"N Amini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amini, N. et al. Dose-dependent renoprotective effect of vanillic acid on methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity via its anti-apoptosis, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Archives of Pharmacology 397(6), 4195\u20134204 (2024).","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Archives of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010021","volume":"13","author":"S Chandran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chandran, S. & Binninger, D. Role of Oxidative Stress, Methionine Oxidation and Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases (MSR) in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Antioxidants 13 (1), 21 (2023).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"46553_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.04.040","author":"L Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A deficiency aggravated ferroptosis in LPS-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting the AMPK\/NRF2 axis and activating the CaMKII\/HIF-1\u03b1 pathway.. Free Radical Biology and Medicine https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.04.040 (2025).","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"46553_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02557-2","volume":"199","author":"G Zhong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhong, G. et al. Effects of long-term exposure to copper on the Keap1\/Nrf2 signaling pathway and Msr-related redox status in the kidneys of rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 199, 4205\u20134217 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"46553_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101899","volume":"42","author":"A Altomare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Altomare, A. et al. Lipid peroxidation derived reactive carbonyl species in free and conjugated forms as an index of lipid peroxidation: limits and perspectives. Redox Biol. 42, 101899 (2021).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"46553_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3390\/oxygen2040030","volume":"2","author":"AK Aranda-Rivera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aranda-Rivera, A. K. et al. RONS and oxidative stress: An overview of basic concepts. Oxygen 2 (4), 437\u2013478 (2022).","journal-title":"Oxygen"},{"key":"46553_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114477","volume":"209","author":"S Demirci-\u00c7eki\u00e7","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demirci-\u00c7eki\u00e7, S. et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 209, 114477 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"issue":"56","key":"46553_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119016","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30461-4","volume":"30","author":"RB Kassab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kassab, R. B. et al. Modulation of inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic stresses mediates the renoprotective effect of daidzein against glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30 (56), 119016\u2013119033 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"46553_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S306186","author":"A Al-Brakati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Brakati, A. et al. Using green biosynthesized lycopene-coated selenium nanoparticles to rescue renal damage in glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats.. International journal of nanomedicine https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S306186 (2021).","journal-title":"International journal of nanomedicine"},{"key":"46553_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S476548","author":"J Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi, J. et al. Levistolide a Attenuates Acute Kidney Injury in Mice by Inhibiting the TLR-4\/NF-\u03baB Pathway.. Drug Design, Development and Therapy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S476548 (2024).","journal-title":"Drug Design, Development and Therapy"},{"key":"46553_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162546","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1162546","volume":"14","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, P. et al. Roles of DNA damage in renal tubular epithelial cells injury. Front. Physiol. 14, 1162546 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0150-x","volume":"5","author":"RX Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, R. X. & Zhou, P. K. DNA damage response signaling pathways and targets for radiotherapy sensitization in cancer. Signal. Transduct. Target. therapy. 5 (1), 60 (2020).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. therapy"},{"key":"46553_CR72","first-page":"766","volume":"12","author":"HH Mansour","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mansour, H. H. Protective effect of ginseng against gamma-irradiation-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in rats. EXCLI J. 12, 766 (2013).","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"46553_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104622","volume":"113","author":"S Mahgoub","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahgoub, S. et al. Role of Diosmin in protection against the oxidative stress induced damage by gamma-radiation in Wistar albino rats. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 113, 104622 (2020).","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"46553_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2023.0019","volume":"46","author":"SB Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, S. B., Shim, W. & Hwang, E. S. Lipofuscin granule accumulation requires autophagy activation. Mol. Cells. 46 (8), 486\u2013495 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"46553_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.10.311","volume":"225","author":"T Baldensperger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baldensperger, T. et al. The age pigment lipofuscin causes oxidative stress, lysosomal dysfunction, and pyroptotic cell death. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 225, 871\u2013880 (2024).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-025-00529-x","volume":"14","author":"G Dougnon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dougnon, G. & Matsui, H. Lipofuscin accumulation in aging and neurodegeneration: a potential timebomb overlooked in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Translational Neurodegeneration. 14 (1), 67 (2025).","journal-title":"Translational Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"6","key":"46553_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14060730","volume":"14","author":"KG Lyamzaev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lyamzaev, K. G. et al. Exogenous iron induces mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, lipofuscin accumulation, and ferroptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Biomolecules 14 (6), 730 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"46553_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa142","volume":"14","author":"JP Gaut","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaut, J. P. & Liapis, H. Acute kidney injury pathology and pathophysiology: a retrospective review. Clin. Kidney J. 14 (2), 526\u2013536 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"46553_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S303105","author":"D Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. Sodium propionate enhances Nrf2-mediated protective defense against oxidative stress and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced neonatal mice.. Journal of inflammation research https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S303105 (2021).","journal-title":"Journal of inflammation research"},{"issue":"8","key":"46553_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080980","volume":"13","author":"J Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du, J. et al. Mechanism of mitochondrial kinetic imbalance and Nrf2 signaling pathway-mediated oxidative stress in nickel and\/or chromium-induced kidney injury in mice. Antioxidants 13 (8), 980 (2024).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"5","key":"46553_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050794","volume":"10","author":"A De Gaetano","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Gaetano, A. et al. Mitophagy and oxidative stress: The role of aging. Antioxidants 10(5), 794 (2021).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"3","key":"46553_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00542-2","volume":"24","author":"JNS Vargas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vargas, J. N. S. et al. The mechanisms and roles of selective autophagy in mammals. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 24 (3), 167\u2013185 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"24","key":"46553_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13384","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413384","volume":"22","author":"P Kowalczyk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, P. et al. Mitochondrial oxidative stress\u2014a causative factor and therapeutic target in many diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 (24), 13384 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"46553_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02907-z","volume":"43","author":"FR Palma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Palma, F. R. et al. ROS production by mitochondria: Function or dysfunction?. Oncogene 43(5), 295\u2013303 (2024).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524021666210218112616","volume":"22","author":"A Zia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zia, A. et al. The roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species in aging and senescence. Curr. Mol. Med. 22 (1), 37\u201349 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"46553_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104288","volume":"92","author":"M Habieb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Habieb, M. et al. Anti-aging effect of DL-\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate against hepatic cellular senescence induced by D-galactose or \u03b3-irradiation via autophagic flux stimulation in male rats. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 92, 104288 (2021).","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"46553_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-024-01513-9","author":"DP Narendra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Narendra, D. P. & Youle, R. J. The role of PINK1\u2013Parkin in mitochondrial quality control.. Nature Cell Biology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41556-024-01513-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biology"},{"issue":"32","key":"46553_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11364","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802076105","volume":"105","author":"CA Gautier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gautier, C. A., Kitada, T. & Shen, J. Loss of PINK1 causes mitochondrial functional defects and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(32), 11364\u201311369 (2008).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"46553_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.005","volume":"152","author":"S Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Drp1-regulated PARK2-dependent mitophagy protects against renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 152, 632\u2013649 (2020).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"46553_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101254","volume":"26","author":"Q Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin, Q. et al. PINK1-parkin pathway of mitophagy protects against contrast-induced acute kidney injury via decreasing mitochondrial ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Redox Biol. 26, 101254 (2019).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46553_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-23-323","volume":"13","author":"Y Ding","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding, Y. et al. Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by astragaloside IV via promotion of mitophagy to ameliorate radiation-induced renal injury in mice. Translational Androl. Urol. 13 (1), 25 (2024).","journal-title":"Translational Androl. Urol."},{"key":"46553_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113997","volume":"177","author":"Y Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside alleviated inflammatory damage by mitophagy via AMPK related PINK1\/Parkin signaling pathway. Biochem. Pharmacol. 177, 113997 (2020).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"46553_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.015","volume":"152","author":"S Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das, S. et al. Stimulation of cytoprotective autophagy and components of mitochondrial biogenesis\/proteostasis in response to ionizing radiation as a credible pro-survival strategy. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 152, 715\u2013727 (2020).","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"46553_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071611","volume":"10","author":"JM Su\u00e1rez-Rivero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Rivero, J. M. et al. Activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response: a new therapeutic target? Biomedicines 10 (7), 1611 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"4","key":"46553_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1956105","volume":"18","author":"L Lyu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyu, L., Chen, Z. & McCarty, N. TRIM44 links the UPS to SQSTM1\/p62-dependent aggrephagy and removing misfolded proteins. Autophagy 18 (4), 783\u2013798 (2022).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"4","key":"46553_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2010.117","volume":"18","author":"Y Tang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tang, Y. et al. Short-chain fatty acids induced autophagy serves as an adaptive strategy for retarding mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death. Cell. Death Differ. 18 (4), 602\u2013618 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell. Death Differ."},{"key":"46553_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-018-4005-4","volume":"34","author":"K Daenen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daenen, K. et al. Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr. Nephrol. 34, 975\u2013991 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"46553_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2021.143886","volume":"82","author":"HAM Kandeal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kandeal, H. A. M. et al. The Possible Radio Protective Role of Gum Arabic on The Kidney Cortex of Adult Male Albino Rats. Egypt. J. Hosp. Med. 82 (2), 256\u2013269 (2021).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"46553_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2024.102526","volume":"90","author":"RS Alruhaimi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alruhaimi, R. S. et al. Farnesol attenuates cadmium-induced kidney injury by mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation and necroptosis and upregulating cytoglobin and PPAR\u03b3 in rats. Tissue Cell. 90, 102526 (2024).","journal-title":"Tissue Cell."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46553-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46553-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46553-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:03:57Z","timestamp":1776060237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46553-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46553-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The Research Ethics Committee of the National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (REC-NCRRT), which is affiliated with the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority in Cairo, Egypt, approved the ethical criteria for using animals in research (Permit Number: 46\u00a0A\/24). All animal tests were carried out in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines and the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986 and associated guidelines, as well as EU Directive 2010\/63\/EU for animal experimentation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"12073"}}