{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:01:46Z","timestamp":1791086506636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"ARCS Foundation National Scholarship"},{"name":"Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016302","name":"Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bats are increasingly studied for their ability to coexist with diverse viruses of human health importance. While this focus has yielded insights into host\u2013pathogen dynamics, baseline physiological data from healthy bats remain limited, constraining comparative and mechanistic understanding. Serum proteomics offers a direct window into circulating proteins that underpin immune regulation, cellular maintenance, and metabolism. Here, we characterize the serum proteome of clinically healthy, captive Egyptian rousette bats (\n                    <jats:italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), the only known natural reservoir host species of Marburg virus. Using untargeted proteomic profiling, we identified and ranked over 400 proteins across major functional categories. Prominent findings included extensive representation of complement components spanning all activation pathways, high levels of interferon-responsive proteins, and abundant proteasome subunits, including immunoproteasome components. The dataset further revealed a robust profile of oxidoreductases and antioxidant enzymes, consistent with mechanisms of redox balance and iron regulation, alongside an apolipoprotein profile suggestive of dietary specialization. An unexpected finding was the unusually high abundance of type XX collagen, potentially linked to tissue remodeling demands of flight. Exploratory sex-based analyses suggested trends in stress response and immune-related proteins, although sample size limited statistical resolution. This work provides the first-look of the Egyptian rousette bat serum proteome, providing a reference point for cross-species comparisons and future studies of bat immunity, metabolism, and longevity. By identifying constitutive molecular features in healthy individuals, these findings expand the use of proteomics for understanding non-traditional model organisms and set the stage for future targeted functional investigations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46577-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:52:40Z","timestamp":1775490760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serum proteome of the Egyptian rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus)\u00a0reveals signatures of immunity, proteostasis,\u00a0and metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Brooke N.","family":"Genovese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nistara","family":"Randhawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Grigorean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy J.","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Amman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Elbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonna A. K.","family":"Mazet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Towner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian H.","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"46577_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0860","volume":"15","author":"GS Wilkinson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilkinson, G. S. & Adams, D. M. Recurrent evolution of extreme longevity in bats. Biol. Lett. 15(4), 20180860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0860 (2019).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"46577_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0004-9","volume":"18","author":"A Seluanov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seluanov, A., Gladyshev, V. N., Vijg, J. & Gorbunova, V. Mechanisms of cancer resistance in long-lived mammals. Nat. Rev. Cancer 18(7), 433\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-018-0004-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15233","volume":"1541","author":"LN Cooper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cooper, L. N. et al. Bats as instructive animal models for studying longevity and aging. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1541(1), 10\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.15233 (2024).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"46577_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-02-044","volume":"51","author":"BR Amman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amman, B. R. et al. A recently discovered pathogenic paramyxovirus, Sosuga virus, is present in Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats at multiple locations in Uganda. J. Wildl. Dis. 51(3), 774\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2015-02-044 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"46577_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01098","volume":"8","author":"T Schountz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schountz, T., Baker, M. L., Butler, J. & Munster, V. Immunological control of viral infections in bats and the emergence of viruses highly pathogenic to humans. Front. Immunol. 8, 1098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01098 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1071\/MA17005","volume":"38","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schuh, A. J., Amman, B. R. & Towner, J. S. Filoviruses and bats. Microbiol. Aust. 38(1), 12\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/MA17005 (2017).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Aust."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet","volume":"32","author":"V Gorbunova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gorbunova, V., Seluanov, A. & Kennedy, B. K. The world goes bats: Living longer and tolerating viruses. Cell. Metab. 32(1), 31\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"46577_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.02.013","volume":"248","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Misra, V., Schountz, T. & Baker, M. L. Tools to study pathogen-host interactions in bats. Virus Res. 248, 5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.02.013 (2018).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"46577_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00523-0","volume":"21","author":"LF Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, L. F., Gamage, A. M., Chan, W. O. Y., Hiller, M. & Teeling, E. C. Decoding bat immunity: The need for a coordinated research approach. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 21(5), 269\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-021-00523-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"46577_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00032-0","author":"DJ Becker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Becker, D. J. & Banerjee, A. Coupling field and laboratory studies of immunity and infection in zoonotic hosts. Lancet Microbe https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00032-0 (2023) (PubMed PMID: 36878243).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"11","key":"46577_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0532-x","volume":"15","author":"JW Wynne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wynne, J. W. et al. Proteomics informed by transcriptomics reveals Hendra virus sensitizes bat cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Genome Biol. 15(11), 532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-014-0532-x (2014).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"46577_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-015-0905-9","volume":"185","author":"KR Grabek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grabek, K. R., Martin, S. L. & Hindle, A. G. Proteomics approaches shed new light on hibernation physiology. J. Comp. Physiol. B 185(6), 607\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00360-015-0905-9 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"issue":"9","key":"46577_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15437","volume":"29","author":"AM Hecht-H\u00f6ger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hecht-H\u00f6ger, A. M. et al. Plasma proteomic profiles differ between European and North American myotid bats colonized by Pseudogymnoascus destructans. Mol. Ecol. 29(9), 1745\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.15437 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75759-2","volume":"10","author":"J Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian, J. et al. Proteomics reveals the preliminary physiological states of the spotted seal (Phoca largha) pups. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 18727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-75759-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"46577_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00995","volume":"20","author":"BA Neely","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neely, B. A. et al. Surveying the vampire bat ( Desmodus rotundus ) serum proteome: A resource for identifying immunological proteins and detecting pathogens. J. Proteome Res. 20(5), 2547\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00995 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coab091","volume":"9","author":"AE Wilson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson, A. E. et al. Protein biomarkers in serum as a conservation tool to assess reproduction: A case study on brown bears (Ursus arctos). Conservation Physiology 9(1), coab091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/conphys\/coab091 (2021).","journal-title":"Conservation Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coae059","volume":"12","author":"J Kershaw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kershaw, J., Ramp, C., Sears, R., Hall, A. & Derous, D. Proteome profiling reveals opportunities to investigate biomarkers of oxidative stress and immune responses in blubber biopsies from free-ranging baleen whales. Conserv. Physiol. 12(1), coae059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/conphys\/coae059 (2024).","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"46577_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-012-0105-y","volume":"67","author":"P Benda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benda, P., Vallo, P., Hulva, P. & Hor\u00e1\u010dek, I. The Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in the Palaearctic: Geographical variation and taxonomic status. Biol. (Bratisl.) 67(6), 1230\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s11756-012-0105-y (2012).","journal-title":"Biol. (Bratisl.)"},{"issue":"10","key":"46577_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002877","volume":"8","author":"BR Amman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amman, B. R. et al. Seasonal pulses of Marburg virus circulation in juvenile Rousettus aegyptiacus bats coincide with periods of increased risk of human infection. PLoS Pathog. 8(10), e1002877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002877 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"46577_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-018-1155-4","volume":"188","author":"IM Stasiak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stasiak, I. M. et al. Iron storage disease (hemochromatosis) and hepcidin response to iron load in two species of pteropodid fruit bats relative to the common vampire bat. J. Comp. Physiol. B 188(4), 683\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00360-018-1155-4 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010037","volume":"11","author":"M Mortlock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mortlock, M., Dietrich, M., Weyer, J., Paweska, J. T. & Markotter, W. Co-circulation and excretion dynamics of diverse Rubula- and related viruses in Egyptian Rousette bats from South Africa. Viruses 11(1), 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11010037 (2019).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-019-0008-8","volume":"2","author":"D Montecino-Latorre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montecino-Latorre, D. et al. Reproduction of East-African bats may guide risk mitigation for coronavirus spillover. One Health Outlook 2(1), 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42522-019-0008-8 (2020).","journal-title":"One Health Outlook"},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14600","volume":"1505","author":"KR Moreno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moreno, K. R. et al. Sick bats stay home alone: fruit bats practice social distancing when faced with an immunological challenge. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1505 (1), 178\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.14600 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21076-9","volume":"12","author":"M Weinberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weinberg, M. et al. Seasonal challenges of tropical bats in temperate zones. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 16869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-21076-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-023-00502-2","volume":"20","author":"MR Wood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wood, M. R., de Vries, J. L., Epstein, J. H. & Markotter, W. Variations in small-scale movements of, Rousettus aegyptiacus, a Marburg virus reservoir across a seasonal gradient. Front. Zool. 20(1), 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12983-023-00502-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"46577_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251352580","author":"JA Elbert","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elbert, J. A. et al. Histologic comparison of hepatic iron overload in managed care and free-ranging Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Vet. Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03009858251352580 (2025).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"issue":"7","key":"46577_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000536","volume":"5","author":"JS Towner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Towner, J. S. et al. Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian fruit bats. PLoS Pathog. 5(7), e1000536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000536 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46226-7","volume":"15","author":"JC Guito","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guito, J. C. et al. Coordinated inflammatory responses dictate Marburg virus control by reservoir bats. Nat. Commun. 15(1), 1826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-46226-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1636","key":"46577_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1260","volume":"275","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2008","unstructured":"Plowright, R. K. et al. Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 275(1636), 861\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2007.1260 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"46577_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00031-0","volume":"5","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2021","unstructured":"Plowright, R. K. et al. Land use-induced spillover: A call to action to safeguard environmental, animal, and human health. Lancet Planet. Health 5(4), e237-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00031-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"issue":"2041","key":"46577_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.2482","volume":"292","author":"CA Falvo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Falvo, C. A. et al. Diet-induced changes in metabolism influence immune response and viral shedding in Jamaican fruit bats. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 292(2041), 20242482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2024.2482 (2025).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61521-7","volume":"16","author":"AJ Peel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peel, A. J. et al. Synchronized seasonal excretion of multiple coronaviruses coincides with high rates of coinfection in immature bats. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 6579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-61521-7 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"609","key":"46577_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaz0274","volume":"12","author":"M Uhl\u00e9n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uhl\u00e9n, M. et al. The human secretome. Sci. Signal. 12(609), eaaz0274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scisignal.aaz0274 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"issue":"3","key":"46577_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00017-06","volume":"19","author":"CH Calisher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Calisher, C. H., Childs, J. E., Field, H. E., Holmes, K. V. & Schountz, T. Bats: Important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19(3), 531\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00017-06 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"46577_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00026","volume":"11","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banerjee, A. et al. Novel insights into immune systems of bats. Front. Immunol. 11, 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00026 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"46577_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf017","volume":"42","author":"R Levinger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Levinger, R. et al. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics illuminate bat immunity and barrier tissue evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 42(2), msaf017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msaf017 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"3","key":"46577_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031804","volume":"25","author":"ED Chan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chan, E. D. et al. The inhibition of serine proteases by serpins is augmented by negatively charged heparin: A concise review of some clinically relevant interactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25(3), 1804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25031804 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05877","volume":"7","author":"MA Hausburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hausburg, M. A., Banton, K. L., Roshon, M. & Bar-Or, D. Clinically distinct COVID-19 cases share notably similar immune response progression: A follow-up analysis. Heliyon 7(1), e05877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05877 (2021).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"12","key":"46577_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00820","volume":"23","author":"AM Solosky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solosky, A. M. et al. Proteomic and lipidomic plasma evaluations reveal biomarkers for domoic acid toxicosis in California Sea Lions. J. Proteome Res. 23(12), 5577\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00820 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"46577_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00728","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00728-19","volume":"4","author":"J Prescott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prescott, J. et al. Rousette Bat Dendritic Cells Overcome Marburg Virus-Mediated Antiviral Responses by Upregulation of Interferon-Related Genes While Downregulating Proinflammatory Disease Mediators. mSphere 4(6), e00728\u2013e00719 (2019).","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"12","key":"46577_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/ni859","volume":"3","author":"T Saric","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saric, T. et al. An IFN-\u03b3\u2013induced aminopeptidase in the ER, ERAP1, trims precursors to MHC class I\u2013presented peptides. Nat. Immunol. 3(12), 1169\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni859 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12001","volume":"250","author":"J Piehler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piehler, J., Thomas, C., Garcia, K. C. & Schreiber, G. Structural and dynamic determinants of type I interferon receptor assembly and their functional interpretation. Immunol. Rev. 250 (1), 317\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.12001 (2012). PubMed PMID: 23046138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3986811.","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"46577_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.735866","author":"V Bondet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bondet, V. et al. Constitutive IFN\u03b1 Protein Production in Bats. Front. Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.735866 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"46577_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.05.014","volume":"93","author":"JP da Costa","year":"2017","unstructured":"da Costa, J. P., Santos, P. S. M., Vitorino, R., Rocha-Santos, T. & Duarte, A. C. How low can you go? A current perspective on low-abundance proteomics. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 93, 171\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2017.05.014 (2017).","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"26","key":"46577_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501711102","volume":"102","author":"S Heink","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heink, S., Ludwig, D., Kloetzel, P. M. & Kr\u00fcger, E. IFN-\u03b3-induced immune adaptation of the proteasome system is an accelerated and transient response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102 (26), 9241\u20139246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0501711102 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71550-5","volume":"10","author":"J Abi Habib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abi Habib, J. et al. Efficiency of the four proteasome subtypes to degrade ubiquitinated or oxidized proteins. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 15765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-71550-5 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5865","key":"46577_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141448","volume":"319","author":"WE Balch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Balch, W. E., Morimoto, R. I., Dillin, A. & Kelly, J. W. Adapting Proteostasis for Disease Intervention. Science 319 (5865), 916\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1141448 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"46577_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00692-x","volume":"53","author":"WH Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi, W. H., Kim, S., Park, S. & Lee, M. J. Concept and application of circulating proteasomes. Exp. Mol. Med. 53 (10), 1539\u20131546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-021-00692-x (2021).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"46577_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-122523","volume":"23","author":"AB Salmon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salmon, A. B. et al. The long lifespan of two bat species is correlated with resistance to protein oxidation and enhanced protein homeostasis. FASEB J. 23(7), 2317\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.08-122523 (2009).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"5","key":"46577_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2005.130539","volume":"20","author":"TJ O\u2019Shea","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea, T. J. et al. Bat flight and zoonotic viruses. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20(5), 741\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2005.130539 (2014).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"46577_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-019-01013-y","volume":"24","author":"YT Chionh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chionh, Y. T. et al. High basal heat-shock protein expression in bats confers resistance to cellular heat\/oxidative stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 24(4), 835\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12192-019-01013-y (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"46577_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94007","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.94007","volume":"13","author":"NS Jagannathan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jagannathan, N. S. et al. Multi-omic analysis of bat versus human fibroblasts reveals altered central metabolism. eLife 13, e94007 (2024).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"2","key":"46577_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao0926","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao0926","volume":"4","author":"NM Foley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foley, N. M. et al. Growing old, yet staying young: The role of telomeres in bats\u2019 exceptional longevity. Sci. Adv. 4 (2), eaao0926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aao0926 (2018). PubMed PMID: 29441358; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5810611.","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"46577_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062039","volume":"8","author":"YH Pan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pan, Y. H. et al. Adaptation of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Catabolic Pathway to Hibernation in Bats. PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e62039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0062039 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"coac028","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coac028","volume":"10","author":"D Costantini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costantini, D. et al. Induced bacterial sickness causes inflammation but not blood oxidative stress in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Conserv. Physiol. 10 (1), coac028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/conphys\/coac028 (2022). PubMed PMID: 35492418; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9042053.","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"46577_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2513","volume":"70","author":"Y C\u00e1rdenas-Moreno","year":"2023","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas-Moreno, Y., Gonz\u00e1lez-Bacerio, J., Garc\u00eda Arellano, H. & del Monte-Mart\u00ednez, A. Oxidoreductase enzymes: Characteristics, applications, and challenges as a biocatalyst. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 70(6), 2108\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bab.2513 (2023).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"46577_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2023.111802","volume":"211","author":"J Tiberi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tiberi, J. et al. Sex differences in antioxidant defence and the regulation of redox homeostasis in physiology and pathology. Mech. Ageing Dev. 211, 111802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mad.2023.111802 (2023).","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"issue":"11","key":"46577_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10427","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201910427","volume":"11","author":"PE Geyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geyer, P. E. et al. Plasma Proteome Profiling to detect and avoid sample-related biases in biomarker studies. EMBO Mol. Med. 11 (11), e10427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/emmm.201910427 (2019).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"46577_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c00290","author":"BN Genovese","year":"2025","unstructured":"Genovese, B. N. et al. Specimen Inactivation Methods for ProteomicsComparisons of Irradiation, Chemical, and Heat Treatments on Downstream Serum Analyses. J. Proteome Res., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c00290.","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"46577_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-014-1155-5","volume":"101","author":"K Schneeberger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneeberger, K., Czirj\u00e1k, G. \u00c1. & Voigt, C. C. Frugivory is associated with low measures of plasma oxidative stress and high antioxidant concentration in free-ranging bats. Naturwissenschaften 101(4), 1\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00114-014-1155-5 (2014).","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16604","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16604","volume":"5","author":"AM Hecht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hecht, A. M. et al. Plasma proteomic analysis of active and torpid greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis). Sci. Rep. 5 (1), 16604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep16604 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"46577_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaf148","author":"DJ Becker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Becker, D. J. et al. Proteomic signatures of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in Mexican free-tailed bats and their application to viral surveillance. Integr. Comp. Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icaf148 (2025).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"46577_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00613-5","volume":"19","author":"A Mehta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehta, A. & Shapiro, M. D. Apolipoproteins in vascular biology and atherosclerotic disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 19(3), 168\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-021-00613-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0548-1","volume":"21","author":"S Zewinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zewinger, S. et al. Apolipoprotein C3 induces inflammation and organ damage by alternative inflammasome activation. Nat. Immunol. 21(1), 30\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-019-0548-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"46577_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084144","volume":"23","author":"J Thorlacius-Ussing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thorlacius-Ussing, J. et al. Type XX collagen is elevated in circulation of patients with solid tumors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23(8), 4144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23084144 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"46577_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.121","volume":"92","author":"A Krishnan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krishnan, A. et al. Lumican, an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, is a novel requisite for hepatic fibrosis. Lab. Invest. 92(12), 1712\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.2012.121 (2012).","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"issue":"1611","key":"46577_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3764","volume":"274","author":"C Alonso-Alvarez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alonso-Alvarez, C., Bertrand, S., Faivre, B., Chastel, O. & Sorci, G. Testosterone and oxidative stress: The oxidation handicap hypothesis. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 274(1611), 819\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2006.3764 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"46577_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13038","volume":"21","author":"MC Kander","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kander, M. C., Cui, Y. & Liu, Z. Gender difference in oxidative stress: A new look at the mechanisms for cardiovascular diseases. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 21(5), 1024\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.13038 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"46577_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63425","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63425","volume":"10","author":"S H\u00e4gg","year":"2021","unstructured":"H\u00e4gg, S. & Jylh\u00e4v\u00e4, J. Sex differences in biological aging with a focus on human studies. eLife 10, e63425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.63425 (2021).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-08-198","volume":"51","author":"BR Amman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amman, B. R. et al. Oral shedding of Marburg virus in experimentally infected Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). J. Wildl. Dis. 51(1), 113\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2014-08-198 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"46577_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24673-w","volume":"12","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schuh, A. J. et al. Natural reservoir Rousettus aegyptiacus bat host model of orthonairovirus infection identifies potential zoonotic spillover mechanisms. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 20936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-24673-w (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"46577_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v8070204","volume":"8","author":"AJ Hume","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hume, A. J. et al. Inactivation of RNA viruses by gamma irradiation: A study on mitigating factors. Viruses 8(7), 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v8070204 (2016).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"46577_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.2c00513","volume":"22","author":"Frank Koopmans","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koopmans, F. et al. Platform for downstream data analysis of label-Free proteomics uncovers optimal workflows in benchmark data sets and increased sensitivity in analysis of alzheimer\u2019s biomarker data. J. Proteome Res. 22(2), 374\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.2c00513 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"43","key":"46577_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4(43), 1686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"issue":"12","key":"46577_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00461","volume":"23","author":"AJ Brenes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brenes, A. J. Calculating and reporting coefficients of variation for DIA-based proteomics. J. Proteome Res. 23(12), 5274\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00461 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"46577_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis [R]. Springer-Verlag New York; (2016). Available from: https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"46577_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2019.103613","volume":"213","author":"M Soudy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soudy, M. et al. UniprotR: Retrieving and visualizing protein sequence and functional information from Universal Protein Resource (UniProt knowledgebase). J. Proteomics 213, 103613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jprot.2019.103613 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"46577_CR78","unstructured":"Pag\u00e8s, H., Aboyoun, P., Gentleman, R., DebRoy, S. & Biostrings Efficient manipulation of biological strings. [R] [Internet].\u00a0https:\/\/bioconductor.org\/packages\/Biostrings\u00a0(2025)."},{"issue":"6","key":"46577_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.TIR119.001646","volume":"19","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. et al. DEqMS: A method for accurate variance estimation in differential protein expression analysis. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 19(6), 1047\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/mcp.TIR119.001646 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46577-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46577-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46577-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:33:02Z","timestamp":1781645582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46577-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46577-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16532"}}