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While previous estimates of SARS-CoV-2 generation times have been reported for early Omicron variants, there is a lack of data for subsequent sub-variants, such as XBB. We estimated SARS-CoV-2 generation times using data from the Respiratory Virus Transmission Network \u2013 Sentinel (RVTN-S) household transmission study conducted across seven U.S. sites from December 2021 to May 2023. The study spanned three Omicron sub-periods dominated by the sub-variants BA.1\/2, BA.4\/5, and XBB. We employed a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model with a Bayesian data augmentation method that imputes unobserved infection times of cases to estimate the generation time. The estimated mean generation time for the overall Omicron period was 3.5 days (95% credible interval, CrI: 3.3\u20133.7). During the sub-periods, the estimated mean generation times were 3.8 days (95% CrI: 3.4\u20134.2) for BA.1\/2, 3.5 days (95% CrI: 3.3\u20133.8) for BA.4\/5, and 3.5 days (95% CrI: 3.1\u20133.9) for XBB. Our study provides estimates of generation times for the Omicron variant, including the sub-variants BA.1\/2, BA.4\/5, and XBB. These up-to-date estimates specifically address the gap in knowledge regarding these sub-variants and are consistent with earlier studies. They enhance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics by aiding in the prediction of Rt, offering insights for improving COVID-19 modeling and public health strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46596-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:36:03Z","timestamp":1775874963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Estimating the generation time for SARS-CoV-2 transmission using United States household data, December 2021\u2013May 2023"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Louis Yat Hin","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinead E.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa S.","family":"Stockwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie M.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Asturias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suchitra","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Lutrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine D.","family":"Ellingson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong Q.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Son H.","family":"McLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Biddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Smith-Jeffcoat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Biggerstaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Rolfes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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S. S. reports a subcontract from Vanderbilt University Medical Center (funding originated from CDC) paid to Trustees of Columbia University, a leadership role as Associate Director of the American Academy of Pediatrics\u2019 Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS), paid to Trustees of Columbia University. All other authors report no potential conflicts. N. M.B. reports grant\/contracts from NIH to the University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, and North Carolina Collaboratory; participation on a DSMB or advisory board for the Snowball Study Technical Interchange; a leadership or fiduciary role on the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Scientific Committee; and other financial or nonfinancial interests with the COVID-19 Equity Evidence Academy (RADx-UP CDCC) Steering Committee and North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Education Research Center. E. A. reports serving as a former consultant for Hillevax and Moderna, presenting a Merck-supported lecture at the Latin American Vaccine Summit, and receipt of grant\/research support from Pfizer for pneumococcal pneumonia studies. S. R. reports grant support from BioFire. H. Q. N. reports grant\/research support from CSL Seqirus, GSK, and ModernaTX, and honorarium for participating in a consultancy group for ModernaTX outside the submitted work. S. H. M. reports support to institution (Trustees of Columbia University) from Vanderbilt University Medical Center (project 75D30121C11656), grants\/contracts from NIH, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. E. S. reports grants or contracts to institution from Vanderbilt University Medical Center (originating at CDC #75D30121C11656). H. K. T. has received research funding from the CDC. C. G. G. reports participation on an advisory board for Merck, and receipt of grant\/research support from AHRQ, CDC, US Food and Drug Administration, NIH, and Syneos Health. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the IRB at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (see 45 C.F.R. part 46.114; 21 C.F.R. part 56.114). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and\/or their legal guardians. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"16890"}}