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Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -OMVs on osteoclasts and osteoblasts in vitro and elucidate their involvement in alveolar bone resorption in vivo using experimental periodontitis model rats. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and Western blotting revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -OMVs promoted osteoclast differentiation and increased the levels of several osteoclast differentiation markers, respectively, in RAW264.7 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -OMVs increased the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) ligand (RANKL) levels and decreased osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in MC3T3-E1 cells.\n                    <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -OMVs reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and calcified nodule formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Rats were divided into four groups (healthy control,\n                    <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -OMV administration, ligature-induced periodontitis, and ligature-induced periodontitis with\n                    <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -OMV administration groups), and the alveolar bone resorption degree was measured via micro-computed tomography.\n                    <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -OMVs administration significantly promoted alveolar bone resorption and increased the RANKL\/OPG ratio in periodontal tissues. Our results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                    -OMVs contribute to alveolar bone resorption by promoting osteoclast differentiation, suppressing osteoblast mineralization, and increasing the RANKL\/OPG ratio.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46625-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T13:32:03Z","timestamp":1775395923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles promote alveolar bone resorption by increasing the local RANKL\/OPG ratio in experimental periodontitis model rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Uemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Hiroshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimune","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Kido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Bando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Sumitomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromichi","family":"Yumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"46625_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","volume":"3","author":"DF Kinane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kinane, D. 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