{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:19:56Z","timestamp":1783423196083,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National. Natural. Science\" Foundation\u2019of: China\"","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.U24A20115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.U24A20115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015401","name":"Shaanxi Province Key R&D Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2025 PT-ZCK-58"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2025 PT-ZCK-58"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009103","name":"Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Nos. 24JC005 and 24JC063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 24JC005 and 24JC063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46686-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:30:37Z","timestamp":1783380637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joule-Heated direct writing: an electrically-driven additive manufacturing paradigm for space fabrication"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Suli","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laixia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"46686_CR1","unstructured":"N. Werkheiser,Overview of NASA initiatives in 3D printing and additive manufacturing. DOD Maintenance Symposium. (M15-4252) (2014)."},{"issue":"1","key":"46686_CR2","first-page":"83","volume":"49","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhou, J. & Zhang, X. Application and prospect of additive manufacturing technology in manned space engineering. J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut. 49(1), 83\u201391 (2023) ((in Chinese)).","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"46686_CR3","unstructured":"Chinese Society of Astronautics. Scientific and technical problems in the field of astronautics in 2020 were published 2020-09-18."},{"key":"46686_CR4","unstructured":"2022 China\u2019s Space Program: A 2021 Perspective. The State Council Information Office of the People\u2019s Republic of China."},{"key":"46686_CR5","unstructured":"M. Johnston, M. Werkheiser, K. Cooper,M. Snyder,J. Edmunson, 3D printing in Zero-G ISS technology demonstration. AIAA SPACE 2014 Conference and Exposition, San Diego 4470 (2014)."},{"key":"46686_CR6","unstructured":"T. Prater,Q. Bean,N. Werkheiser,3D printing in Zero G technology demonstration mission: summary of on-orbit operations, material testing and future work. NASA Technical Reports Server M16- 559 (2016)."},{"key":"46686_CR7","volume-title":"Summary Report on Phase I and Phase II Results from the 3D Printing in Zero-G Technology Demonstration Mission","author":"T Prater","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prater, T., Werkheiser, N. & Ledbetter, F. Summary Report on Phase I and Phase II Results from the 3D Printing in Zero-G Technology Demonstration Mission (NASA Technical Reports Server, 2018)."},{"issue":"6","key":"46686_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2016-0142","volume":"23","author":"T Prater","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prater, T. et al. Analysis of specimens from phase I of the 3D printing in Zero G technology demonstration mission. Rapid Prototyp. J. 23(6), 1212\u20131225 (2017).","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"46686_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-2827-7","volume":"101","author":"T Prater","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prater, T. et al. 3D printing in Zero G technology demonstration mission: complete experimental results and summary of related material modeling efforts. Int. J. Adv Manuf. Technol. 101(1), 391\u2013417 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"46686_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Musso,G. Lentini,L. Enrietti,C. Volpe,E. P. Ambrosio,M. Lorusso,G. Mascetti,G. Valentini ,Portable on orbit printer 3D: 1st European additive manufacturing machine on international space station 643-655 (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41694-6_62"},{"key":"46686_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs6050122","volume":"6","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Research progress of spatial 3D printing of composites.. Compos. Sci. Eng. 6, 122\u2013128 (2022) ((in Chinese)).","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"46686_CR12","unstructured":"H. Robert,C. Jesse,J. Greg,S. Jeffrey,D. Robert,A. Steve,SpiderFab: Process for on-orbit construction of kilometer-scale apertures: HQ-E-DAA-TN62833,NASA Technical Reports Server (2018)."},{"key":"46686_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Patane, E. R. Joyce, M. P. Snyder ,P. Shestople,Archinaut: In-space manufacturing and assembly for next-generation space habitats 522 (2017).","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2017-5227"},{"key":"46686_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Hafley, K. Taminger,R. Bird,Electron beam freeform fabrication in the space environment 1154 (2007).","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2007-1154"},{"issue":"10","key":"46686_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900506","volume":"4","author":"A Zocca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zocca, A. et al. Enabling the 3D printing of metal components in \u00b5\u2010gravity.. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4(10), 1900506 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"46686_CR16","unstructured":"J. Haung,J. Luo,K. Zhang,J. Cui,H. Yi,L. Qi,Development of a metal micro-droplet ejecting equipment for manipulation jetting trajectory,IEEE 101-104 (2018)."},{"key":"46686_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2018.04.021","volume":"12","author":"Z Wang Zhen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Zhen, Z., Li, X., Gong, W. & Qi, J. Experimental study on FDM variable gravity forming,. New Technol. New Process. 12, 33\u201336 (2018) ((in Chinese)).","journal-title":"New Technol. New Process."},{"key":"46686_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2016.02.002","volume":"83","author":"J Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, J., Ding, N., Li, Z. & Wang, W. Organic polymer materials in the space environment. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 83, 37\u201356 (2016).","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"issue":"03","key":"46686_CR19","first-page":"3159","volume":"35","author":"J Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, J., Li, J., Wu Wenjie, W. & Yu, N. Research status and prospect of on-orbit additive manufacturing technology for large space truss,. Mater. Rev. 35(03), 3159\u20133167 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Rev."},{"key":"46686_CR20","first-page":"01015","volume":"385","author":"J Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan, J. et al. Research of materials and manufacturing technology system for on-orbit manufacturing,E3S web of conferences. EDP Sci. 385, 01015 (2023).","journal-title":"EDP Sci."},{"key":"46686_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2022.117789","volume":"409","author":"E Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, E., Zhou, Z., Wang, L., Zou, R. & Yu, A. Particle scale modelling of powder recoating and melt pool dynamics in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: A review. Powder Technol. 409, 117789 (2022).","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"46686_CR22","volume":"58","author":"A Talignani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Talignani, A. et al. A review on additive manufacturing of refractory tungsten and tungsten alloys. Addit. Manuf. 58, 103009 (2022).","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"46686_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/09506608.2015.1116649","volume":"61","author":"W Sames","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sames, W., List, F., Pannala, S., Dehoff, R. & Babu, S. The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing. Int. Mater. Rev. 61, 315\u2013360 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"46686_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"M Galati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galati, M. & luliano, L. A literature revlew of powder-based electron beam melting focusing on numerical simulations. Addit. Manuf. 19, 1\u201320 (2018).","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"46686_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2019.08.030","volume":"179","author":"H Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Powder-spreading mechanisms in powder-bed-based additive manufacturing: experiments and computational modeling. Acta Mater. 179, 158\u2013171 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"46686_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg1487","volume":"372","author":"D Gu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gu, D. et al. Material-structure. Performance integrated laser-metal additive manufacturing. Science 372, 1487 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"46686_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2018.08.001","volume":"35","author":"B Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, B. et al. A review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: properties, defects and quality improvement. Manuf. Process. 35, 127\u2013139 (2018).","journal-title":"Manuf. Process."},{"key":"46686_CR28","first-page":"672","volume":"22","author":"CR Cunningham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cunningham, C. R., Flynn, J. M., Shokrani, A., Dhokia, V. & Newman, S. T. Invited review article: Strategies and processes for high quality wire arc additive manufacturing. Addit. Manuf. 22, 672\u2013686 (2018).","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"issue":"2","key":"46686_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-05-2019-0123","volume":"26","author":"R Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, R., Zhang, H., Dai, F., Huang, C. & Wang, G. End lateral extension path strategy for intersection in wire and arc additive manufactured 2319 aluminum alloy. Rapid Prototyp. 26(2), 360\u2013369 (2020).","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp."},{"key":"46686_CR30","first-page":"101546","volume":"36","author":"R Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, R. et al. Optimization of the geometry for the end lateral extension path strategy to fabricate intersections using laser and cold metal transfer hybrid additive manufacturing. Addit. Man. 36, 101546 (2020).","journal-title":"Addit. Man."},{"key":"46686_CR31","volume":"46","author":"R Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, R. et al. Effect of path strategy on residual stress and distortion in laser and cold metal transfer hybrid additive manufacturing. Addit. Manuf. 46, 102203 (2021).","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"46686_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17445302.2020.1786232","author":"A Ta\u015fdemir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ta\u015fdemir, A. & Nohut, S. An overview of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) in shipbuilding industry. Ships Offshore Struct. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17445302.2020.1786232 (2020).","journal-title":"Ships Offshore Struct."},{"key":"46686_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2021.107261","volume":"136","author":"M Shahedi Asl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahedi Asl, M. et al. Formation of Al\u2013Al2O3 core\u2013shell nanosphere chains during electron beam melting of \u03b3-TiAl. Intermetallics 136, 107261 (2021).","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"46686_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2021.114092","volume":"203","author":"R Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao, R., Peng, H., Guo, H. & Chen, B. An innovative way to fabricate \u03b3-TiAl blades and their failure mechanisms under thermal shock. Scr. Mater. 203, 114092 (2021).","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"46686_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2021.141059","volume":"811","author":"B Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao, B., Peng, H., Liang, Y., Lin, J. & Chen, B. Electron beam melted TiC\/high Nb-TiAl nanocomposite:microstructure and mechanical property. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 811, 141059 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"46686_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2022.142960","volume":"840","author":"H Yue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yue, H. et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Y203-bearing Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy prepared by selective electron beam melting. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 840, 142960 (2022).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"46686_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intermet.2020.106771","volume":"121","author":"YK Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, Y. K., Hong, J. K. & Lee, K. A. Enhancing the creep resistance of electron beam melted gamma Ti-48AL-2Cr-2Nb alloy by using two-step heat treatment. Intermetallics 121, 106771 (2020).","journal-title":"Intermetallics"},{"key":"46686_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.09.044","volume":"160","author":"W Kan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kan, W., Chen, B., Jin, C., Peng, H. & Lin, J. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a high Nb-TiAl alloy fabricated by electron beam melting. Mater. Des. 160, 611\u2013623 (2018).","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"issue":"5","key":"46686_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2013.12.016","volume":"214","author":"S Jhavar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jhavar, S., Jain, N. K. & Paul, C. P. Development of micro-plasma transferred arc (lPTA) wire deposition process for additive layer manufacturing applications. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 214(5), 1102\u20131110 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"46686_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2020.116842","author":"C Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, C., Suder, W., Ding, J. & Williams, S. The effect of wire size on high deposition rate wire and plasma arc additive manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V. J. Mater. Process. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2020.116842 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"46686_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16052017","volume":"16","author":"K Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, K. et al. Study on the process characteristics based on Joule heat of sliding-pressure additive manufacturing. Materials 16(5), 2017 (2023).","journal-title":"Materials"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46686-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46686-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46686-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:09:51Z","timestamp":1783422591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46686-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46686-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"competing interest"}}],"article-number":"20852"}}