{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T22:23:38Z","timestamp":1784067818727,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research project with the acronym FRIU was financed with funds from the VIII Research Call of the University Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela","award":["87482766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["87482766"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46795-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:06:57Z","timestamp":1775066817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pelvic floor morphofunctional characteristics in female rugby players beyond the tackle. Pelvic floor muscles in high-impact sports"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elena Sonsoles","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ojedo-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Del-Fresno-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"T\u00e9llez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Benito-de-Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Barba\u00f1o","family":"Acevedo-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"46795_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0396","volume":"9","author":"S Seiler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seiler, S. & Same Citius, Altius, F. More Women, Crashes, and McTwists? Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 9, 122\u2013127 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"46795_CR2","first-page":"489","volume":"79","author":"EA Joy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joy, E. A., Van Hala, S. & Cooper, L. Health-related concerns of the female athlete: A lifespan approach. Am. Fam Physician. 79, 489\u2013495 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. Fam Physician"},{"key":"46795_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030908","volume":"13","author":"MB Acevedo-G\u00f3mez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Acevedo-G\u00f3mez, M. B. et al. Is the Elite Female Athlete\u2019s Pelvic Floor Stronger? J. Clin. Med. 13, 1\u201310 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"46795_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0976-9","volume":"21","author":"BT Haylen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haylen, B. T. et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int. Urogynecol. J. 21, 5\u201326 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225647","volume":"14","author":"D Chmielewska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chmielewska, D. et al. Electromyographic characteristics of pelvic floor muscles in women with stress urinary incontinence following sEMG-assisted biofeedback training and Pilates exercises. PLoS One. 14, 1\u201322 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"46795_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-115736","volume":"38","author":"JO Alves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alves, J. O. et al. Urinary Incontinence in Physically Active Young Women: Prevalence and Related Factors. Int. J. Sports Med. 38, 937\u2013941 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"46795_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3629-z","volume":"29","author":"M de Lourenco","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Lourenco, M., Matsuoka, T. R., Baracat, P. K., Haddad, J. M. & E. C. & Urinary incontinence in female athletes: a systematic review. Int. Urogynecol. J. 29, 1757\u20131763 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3651-1","volume":"29","author":"RV Teixeira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teixeira, R. V., Colla, C., Sbruzzi, G. & Mallmann, A. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in female athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int. Urogynecol. J. 29, 1717\u20131725 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0508-4","volume":"19","author":"K Eliasson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eliasson, K., Edner, A. & Mattsson, E. Urinary incontinence in very young and mostly nulliparous women with a history of regular organised high-impact trampoline training: Occurrence and risk factors. Int. Urogynecol. J. 19, 687\u2013696 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-123045","volume":"38","author":"M Hagovska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hagovska, M. et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in females performing high-impact exercises. Int. J. Sports Med. 38, 210\u2013216 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"46795_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.09.017","volume":"24","author":"ES Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, E. S. et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence among elite athletes of both sexes. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 24, 338\u2013344 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"46795_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2020-0008","volume":"73","author":"T Pires","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pires, T., Pires, P., Moreira, H. & Viana, R. Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in High-Impact Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Hum. Kinet. 73, 279\u2013288 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet"},{"key":"46795_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manaseer, T. S. & Al-nassan, S. M. The point prevalence of stress incontinence among young adult Jordanian women based on activity levels. Physiother Res. Int 29, (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.70000"},{"key":"46795_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph, C. et al. Stress Urinary Incontinence Among Young Nulliparous Female Athletes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.17986 (2021).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17986"},{"key":"46795_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carvalhais, A., Jorge, R. N. & B\u00f8, K. Performing high-level sport is strongly associated with urinary incontinence in elite athletes: a comparative study of 372 elite female athletes and 372 controls. 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097587 (2017).","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097587"},{"key":"46795_CR16","first-page":"3174","volume":"13","author":"N Caylet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Caylet, N. et al. Prevalence and occurrence of stress urinary incontinence in elite women athletes. Can. J. Urol. 13, 3174\u20133179 (2006).","journal-title":"Can. J. Urol."},{"key":"46795_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borin, L. C. M., Nunes, S. & de Guirro, E. C. daF. R. O. Assessment of pelvic floor muscle pressure in female athletes. PM R 5, 189\u2013193 (2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.09.001"},{"key":"46795_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434070-00004","volume":"34","author":"K B\u00f8","year":"2004","unstructured":"B\u00f8, K. Urinary incontinence, pelvic floor dysfunction, exercise and sport. Sports Med. 34, 451\u2013464 (2004).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"46795_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000615","volume":"18","author":"TR Rebullido","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rebullido, T. R. & Stracciolini, A. Pelvic floor dysfunction in female athletes: Is relative energy deficiency in sport a risk factor? Is relative energy deficiency in sport a risk factor? Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 18, 255\u2013257 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"46795_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-86922011000200005","volume":"17","author":"AO Reis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reis, A. O., da Silva C\u00e2mara, C. N. & dos Santos, S. G. & dos Santos Dias, T. Estudo comparativo da capacidade de contra\u00e7\u00e3o do assoalho p\u00e9lvico em atletas de voleibol e basquetebol. Revista Brasileira de Med. do Esporte. 17, 97\u2013101 (2011).","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Med. do Esporte"},{"key":"46795_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24700","volume":"40","author":"ERM Arbieto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arbieto, E. R. M., dos Santos, K. M., da Luz, S. C. T. & Da Roza, T. Comparison of urinary incontinence, based on pelvic floor and abdominal muscle strength, between nulliparous female athletes and non-athletes: A secondary analysis. Neurourol. Urodyn. 40, 1140\u20131146 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"46795_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.04.011","volume":"27","author":"E de Jager","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Jager, E., Willemsen, M., Kempe, M. & Janssen, I. Breaking barriers: Exploring female-specific health challenges affecting performance in an elite multisport training environment. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 27, 466\u2013471 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"46795_CR23","unstructured":"Sustainability \/ Legacy, R. W. C. World Rugby.https:\/\/www.world.rugby\/organisation\/sustainability\/tournaments\/2025 (2025)."},{"key":"46795_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01243-1","volume":"50","author":"K B\u00f8","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00f8, K. & Nygaard, I. E. Is Physical Activity Good or Bad for the Female Pelvic Floor? A Narrative Review. Sports Med. 50, 471\u2013484 (2020).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"46795_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04510-2","volume":"32","author":"E Sandwith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandwith, E. & Robert, M. Rug-pee study: the prevalence of urinary incontinence among female university rugby players. Int. Urogynecol. J. 32, 281\u2013285 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000129","volume":"25","author":"T Da Roza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Da Roza, T., Brand\u00e3o, S., Mascarenhas, T., Jorge, R. N. & Duarte, J. A. Volume of training and the ranking level are associated with the leakage of urine in young female trampolinists. Clin. J. Sport Med. 25, 270\u2013275 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"46795_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2005.00349.x","volume":"45","author":"JA Kruger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kruger, J. A., Murphy, B. A. & Heap, S. W. Alterations in levator ani morphology in elite nulliparous athletes: a pilot study. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 45, 42\u201347 (2005).","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"46795_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-022-05375-3","volume":"34","author":"EC Menezes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Menezes, E. C., da Silva Pereira, F., Porto, R. M., Fank, F. & Mazo, G. Z. Effect of exercise on female pelvic floor morphology and muscle function: a systematic review. Int. Urogynecol. J. 34, 963\u2013977 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, L. et al. Most of the pelvic floor muscle functions in women differ in different body positions, yet others remain similar: systematic review with meta-analysis. Front. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1252779 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1252779"},{"key":"46795_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siahkal, S. F. et al. Investigating the association of the dimensions of genital hiatus and levator hiatus with pelvic organ prolapse: a systematic review. Inter. Urogynecol. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-020-04639-0 (2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04639-0"},{"key":"46795_CR31","first-page":"14","volume":"81","author":"General Assembly of the World Medical Association","year":"2014","unstructured":"General Assembly of the World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J. Am. Coll. Dent. 81, 14\u201318 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Dent."},{"key":"46795_CR32","unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016."},{"key":"46795_CR33","unstructured":"Organic Law 3\/2018, of December 5, on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights."},{"key":"46795_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.045120","volume":"85","author":"E Von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Von Elm, E. et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Bull. World Health Organ. 85, 867\u2013872 (2007).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"46795_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23287","volume":"37","author":"B Navarro Braz\u00e1lez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Navarro Braz\u00e1lez, B. et al. The evaluation of pelvic floor muscle strength in women with pelvic floor dysfunction: A reliability and correlation study. Neurourol. Urodyn. 37, 269\u2013277 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"46795_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1912-5","volume":"21","author":"M Betsch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Betsch, M., Wild, M., Gro\u00dfe, B., Rapp, W. & Horstmann, T. The effect of simulating leg length inequality on spinal posture and pelvic position: A dynamic rasterstereographic analysis. Eur. Spine J. 21, 691\u2013697 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"46795_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872012000300009","volume":"140","author":"C Maritza Busquets","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maritza Busquets, C. & Ram\u00f3n Serra, T. Validaci\u00f3n del cuestionario International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) en una poblaci\u00f3n chilena usuaria del Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA). Rev. Med. Chil. 140, 340\u2013346 (2012).","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"46795_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(04)74212-8","volume":"122","author":"M Espu\u00f1a Pons","year":"2004","unstructured":"Espu\u00f1a Pons, M., Rebollo \u00c1lvarez, P. & Puig Clota, M. Validaci\u00f3n de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. Un cuestionario para evaluar la incontinencia urinaria. Med. Clin. (Barc). 122, 288\u2013292 (2004).","journal-title":"Med. Clin. (Barc)"},{"key":"46795_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24658","volume":"40","author":"H Frawley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frawley, H. et al. An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for pelvic floor muscle assessment. Neurourol. Urodyn. 40, 1217\u20131260 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"46795_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)61108-X","volume":"87","author":"J Laycock","year":"2001","unstructured":"Laycock, J. & Jerwood, D. Pelvic floor muscle assessment: The PERFECT scheme. Physiotherapy 87, 631\u2013642 (2001).","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"46795_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2010.06.007","volume":"97","author":"CHJ Ferreira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferreira, C. H. J. et al. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy 97, 132\u2013138 (2011).","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"46795_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.8816","volume":"37","author":"GA Santoro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Santoro, G. A. et al. State of the art: An integrated approach to pelvic floor ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 37, 381\u2013396 (2011).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"46795_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamard, E. et al. Utility of 2D-ultrasound in pelvic floor muscle contraction and bladder neck mobility assessment in women with urinary incontinence. J Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod. 49, (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2019.101629"},{"key":"46795_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23285","volume":"37","author":"EG Deegan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deegan, E. G., Stothers, L., Kavanagh, A. & Macnab, A. J. Quantification of pelvic floor muscle strength in female urinary incontinence: A systematic review and comparison of contemporary methodologies. Neurourol. Urodyn. 37, 33\u201345 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"46795_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E31","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1109-2493","volume":"42","author":"WC Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, W. C., Yang, J. M. & Chen, H. F. Four-Dimensional Introital Ultrasound in Assessing Perioperative Pelvic Floor Muscle Functions of Women with Cystoceles | 4-dimensionale Introitus-Sonografie zur Beurteilung der perioperativen Funktion der Beckenbodenmuskulatur bei Frauen mit Zystozelen. Ultraschall Med. 42, E31\u2013E41 (2021).","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."},{"key":"46795_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000264","volume":"60","author":"HP Dietz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dietz, H. P. Pelvic floor ultrasound: A review. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 60, 58\u201381 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"46795_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng, W. et al. Hiatal failure: effects of pregnancy, delivery, and pelvic floor disorders on level III factors. Inter. Urogynecol. J. vol. 34 327\u2013343 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-022-05354-8 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-022-05354-8"},{"key":"46795_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina-Molina, A. et al. Validation of mDurance, A Wearable Surface Electromyography System for Muscle Activity Assessment. Front Physiol. 11, (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.606287"},{"key":"46795_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carrillo-Perez, F. et al. A novel automated algorithm for computing lumbar flexion test ratios enhancing athletes objective assessment of low back pain. icSPORTS 2018 - Proc. 6th Int. Congress Sport Sci. Res. Technol. Support. 34-39 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0006922600340039 (2018).","DOI":"10.5220\/0006922600340039"},{"key":"46795_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3816-9","volume":"293","author":"H Luginbuehl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luginbuehl, H. et al. Pelvic floor muscle electromyography during different running speeds: an exploratory and reliability study. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 293, 117\u2013124 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"46795_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.09.004","volume":"34","author":"MD Bussey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bussey, M. D., Aldabe, D., Adhia, D. & Mani, R. Reliability of surface electromyography activity of gluteal and hamstring muscles during sub-maximal and maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract. 34, 103\u2013107 (2018).","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"46795_CR52","first-page":"744","volume":"41","author":"A Filter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filter, A. et al. Curve Sprinting in Soccer: Kinematic and Neuromuscular Analysis. Int. J. Sports Med. 41, 744\u2013750 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"46795_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.09.013","volume":"63","author":"I Koenig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koenig, I. et al. Pelvic floor muscle activity patterns in women with and without stress urinary incontinence while running. Ann. Phys. Rehabil Med. 63, 495\u2013499 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil Med."},{"key":"46795_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23810","volume":"37","author":"N Ben Ami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ben Ami, N. & Dar, G. What is the most effective verbal instruction for correctly contracting the pelvic floor muscles? Neurourol. Urodyn. 37, 2904\u20132910 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"46795_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00019-5","volume":"10","author":"R Merletti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Merletti, R. & Hermens, H. Introduction to the special issue on the SENIAM European Concerted Action. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 10, 283\u2013286 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"46795_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19060","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019060","volume":"99","author":"\u0141 Oleksy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oleksy, \u0141. et al. Normative values for Glazer Protocol in the evaluation of pelvic floor muscle bioelectrical activity. Medicine 99, e19060 (2020).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"46795_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04225-4","volume":"31","author":"C Ballmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ballmer, C. et al. Electromyography of pelvic floor muscles with true differential versus faux differential electrode configuration. Int. Urogynecol. J. 31, 2051\u20132059 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23151","volume":"36","author":"M Leitner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leitner, M. et al. Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle activity during running in continent and incontinent women: An exploratory study. Neurourol. Urodyn. 36, 1570\u20131576 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"46795_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6351","volume":"33","author":"M Majida","year":"2009","unstructured":"Majida, M. et al. Interobserver repeatability of three- and four-dimensional transperineal ultrasound assessment of pelvic floor muscle anatomy and function. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 33, 567\u2013573 (2009).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"46795_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24220","volume":"39","author":"N Martinho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martinho, N. et al. Four-dimensional translabial ultrasound concordance with digital palpation and surface electromyography during dynamic pelvic floor muscles assessment: A cross-sectional study. Neurourol. Urodyn. 39, 403\u2013411 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"46795_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-023-05708-w","volume":"35","author":"J DeLancey","year":"2024","unstructured":"DeLancey, J. et al. Functional Anatomy of Urogenital Hiatus Closure: the Perineal Complex Triad Hypothesis. Int. Urogynecol. J. 35, 441\u2013449 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)91840-2","volume":"170","author":"JOL DeLancey","year":"1994","unstructured":"DeLancey, J. O. L. Structural support of the urethra as it relates to stress urinary incontinence: The hammock hypothesis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170, 1713\u20131723 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"46795_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.12.155","volume":"12","author":"H Ishihara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ishihara, H. et al. Investigation of effective standing posture for increasing activity of pelvic floor muscles: a cross-sectional study. J. Phys. Fit. Sports Med. 12, 155\u2013160 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Fit. Sports Med."},{"key":"46795_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)61107-8","volume":"87","author":"R Sapsford","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sapsford, R. The pelvic floor. A clinical model for function and rehabilitation. Physiotherapy 87, 620\u2013630 (2001).","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"46795_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0038","volume":"18","author":"VS Pereira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pereira, V. S., Hirakawa, H. S., Oliveira, A. B. & Driusso, P. Relationship among vaginal palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, electromyographic and ultrasonographic variables of female pelvic floor muscles. Braz J. Phys. Ther. 18, 428\u2013434 (2014).","journal-title":"Braz J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"46795_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2021.12.011","volume":"68","author":"MM Gimenez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gimenez, M. M. et al. Pelvic floor muscle function differs between supine and standing positions in women with stress urinary incontinence: an experimental crossover study. J. Physiother. 68, 51\u201360 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Physiother"},{"key":"46795_CR67","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Badillo, J. J., S\u00e1nchez Medina, L. & Pareja Blanco, F. R. R. D. La Velocidad de Ejecuci\u00f3n Como Referencia Para La Programaci\u00f3n, Control y Evaluaci\u00f3n Del Entrenamiento (ERGOTECH, 2017)."},{"key":"46795_CR68","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-badillo, J. J. & Serna Rivas, J. Fuerza Velocidad y Rendimiento Deportivo. Fuerza, velocidad y rendimiento f\u00edsico y deportivoESM, (2019)."},{"key":"46795_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3693-4","volume":"30","author":"B Gachon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gachon, B. et al. In vivo assessment of the levator ani muscles using shear wave elastography: a feasibility study in women. Int. Urogynecol. J. 30, 1179\u20131186 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"46795_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-012-0396-1","volume":"40","author":"M Yoshida","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoshida, M. et al. Longitudinal comparison study of pelvic floor function between women with and without stress urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery. J. Med. Ultrason. 40, 125\u2013131 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"46795_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleck, S. J. & Kraemer, W. J. Designing Resistance Training Programs (Human Kinetics, 2014).","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718225107"},{"key":"46795_CR72","unstructured":"Haff, G. G. & Triplett, N. T. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (4th Ed.).Human Kinetics, (2015)."},{"key":"46795_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434100-00004","volume":"34","author":"AC Fry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fry, A. C. The role of resistance exercise intensity on muscle fibre adaptations. Sports Med. 34, 663\u2013679 (2004).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"46795_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0681-6","volume":"88","author":"GER Campos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campos, G. E. R. et al. Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: Specificity of repetition maximum training zones. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 50\u201360 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"46795_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.067","volume":"214","author":"IE Nygaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nygaard, I. E. & Shaw, J. M. Physical activity and the pelvic floor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 214, 164\u2013171 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"46795_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashton-Miller, J. A. & DeLancey, J. O. L. Functional Anatomy of the Female Pelvic Floor. Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for the Pelvic Floor: Bridging Science and Clinical Practice: Second Edition (Elsevier Ltd., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4443-4.00003-0. (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4443-4.00003-0"},{"key":"46795_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23212","volume":"36","author":"E Moretti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moretti, E., de Moura Filho, A. G., de Almeida, J. C., Araujo, C. M. & Lemos, A. Electromyographic assessment of women\u2019s pelvic floor: What is the best place for a superficial sensor? Neurourol. Urodyn. 36, 1917\u20131923 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"46795_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanchez, B., Martinsen, O. G., Freeborn, T. J. & Furse, C. M. Electrical impedance myography: A critical review and outlook. Clin. Neurophysiol. vol. 132 338\u2013344 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.014 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.014"},{"key":"46795_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3664-9","volume":"29","author":"PW Saeuberli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saeuberli, P. W., Schraknepper, A., Eichelberger, P., Luginbuehl, H. & Radlinger, L. Reflex activity of pelvic floor muscles during drop landings and mini-trampolining-exploratory study. Int. Urogynecol. J. 29, 1833\u20131840 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46795-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46795-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46795-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T01:02:18Z","timestamp":1779152538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46795-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46795-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15447"}}