{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:14:05Z","timestamp":1778105645020,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Misr University for Science & Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cancer is the most threatening disease worldwide. Noticeably, most cancer patients are immune-compromised, so they are more susceptible to infections. The combination of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib (NIL) with broad-spectrum antibiotics such as the fluoroquinolone ofloxacin (OFL) is clinically rationalized based on NIL\u2019s immunosuppressive effects and the need for infection prophylaxis in cancer patients. However, there is no published method for their in-vivo simultaneous determination in clinical biological specimens to support their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic monitoring. This study focuses on the development of a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis system-assisted with photodiode array detection (CE-PDA) for the simultaneous determination of NIL and OFL in clinical settings for analysis of plasma samples containing NIL and OFL. The conditions of electrophoretic separation of NIL, OFL, and sarafloxacin (SAR, as an internal standard), and the analytical procedures were successfully established. The electrophoretic separation of NIL, OFL, and SAR, as the internal standard, was achieved utilizing a fused silica capillary (58\u00a0cm length \u00d7 75\u00a0\u03bcm internal diameter) maintained at 25\u00a0\u00b0C using a background electrolyte solution composed of borate buffer (20 mM, pH 9.3) at a separation voltage of 30\u00a0kV. The linear range of the CE-PDA method in spiked rat plasma was determined to be 0.5\u201380\u00a0\u00b5g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    for NIL and OFL. The CE-PDA approach exhibited maximum sensitivity, with lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.3\u00a0\u00b5g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    for NIL and 0.4\u00a0\u00b5g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    for OFL. These LLOQs were experimentally validated according to US-FDA guidlines and were lower than the calibration range\u2019s starting point to ensure reliable quantification. In addition, the CE-PDA system was validated and subsequently applied to real plasma samples withdrawn from rats received concurrent administration of NIL and OFL. The plasma protein was precipitated by acetonitrile. The validation parameters were determined and found to comply with the requirements for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for validation of bioanalytical procedures. The sustainable features of the system and its environmental impact were confirmed using seven different metric tools. Finally, the proposed CE-PDA is time-saving and cost-effective, enabling its beneficial applications in the therapeutic drug monitoring of NIL and OFL in oncology clinics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46953-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:49:06Z","timestamp":1778053746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multi-metric evaluation of a sustainable capillary electrophoresis method for simultaneous therapeutic drug monitoring of Nilotinib and Ofloxacin in oncology clinics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Weam M.","family":"Othman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nourah Z.","family":"Alzoman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awadh M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma F.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samah S.","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nehal F.","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"46953_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2017.07.009","volume":"7","author":"J Zeng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng, J. et al. A validated UPLC\u2013MS\/MS method for simultaneous determination of imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib in human plasma. J. Pharm. Anal. 7(6), 374\u2013380 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000406","volume":"39","author":"A Wojnicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wojnicz, A. et al. Simultaneous determination of imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther. Drug Monit. 39(3), 252\u2013262 (2017).","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"issue":"4","key":"46953_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043110","volume":"24","author":"K Yusuf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yusuf, K., Sampath, V. & Umar, S. Bacterial infections and cancer: Exploring this association and its implications for cancer patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24(4), 3110 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13102","volume":"104","author":"KL Schmid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmid, K. L. Fluoroquinolones are a potent form of chemotherapy. Clin. Exp. Optom. 104(3), 412\u2013416 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"46953_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005360.pub4","volume":"3","author":"DJ Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones, D. J., Bunn, F. & Bell-Syer, S. V. Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3, CD005360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005360.pub4 (2014).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnci.2014.05.002","volume":"26","author":"AA Mohammed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammed, A. A. et al. The pattern of infection and antibiotics use in terminal cancer patients. J. Egypt. Natl. Cancer Inst. 26(3), 147\u2013152 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"46953_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.105470","volume":"118","author":"J Galhano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Galhano, J., Marcelo, G. A., Duarte, M. P. & Oliveira, E. Ofloxacin@ doxorubicin-epirubicin functionalized MCM-41 mesoporous silica\u2013based nanocarriers as synergistic drug delivery tools for cancer related bacterial infections. Bioorg. Chem. 118, 105470 (2022).","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"46953_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199447060-00003","volume":"47","author":"N Von Rosenstiel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Von Rosenstiel, N. & Adam, D. Quinolone antibacterials: An update of their pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 47(6), 872\u2013901 (1994).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1556\/1326.2016.28.3.3","volume":"28","author":"EM Yilmaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yilmaz, E. M., Aydo\u011fmu\u015f, Z. & Aboul-Enein, H. Y. Determination of nilotinib in spiked plasma, urine, and capsules by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. Acta Chromatogr. 28(3), 313\u2013331 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Chromatogr."},{"issue":"7","key":"46953_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1364","volume":"24","author":"M Miura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miura, M., Takahashi, N. & Sawada, K. I. High-performance liquid chromatography with solid\u2010phase extraction for the quantitative determination of nilotinib in human plasma. Biomed. Chromatogr. 24 (7), 789\u2013793 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"issue":"7","key":"46953_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.1126","volume":"34","author":"M Yuki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yuki, M. et al. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of nilotinib in human plasma. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 34 (7), 1126\u20131128 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000406","volume":"39","author":"A Wojnicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wojnicz, A. et al. Simultaneous determination of imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther. Drug Monit. 39 (3), 252\u2013262 (2017).","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"46953_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.119428","volume":"251","author":"H Salem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salem, H., Elsoud, F. A. A., Heshmat, D. & Magdy, A. Resonance rayleigh scattering technique-using erythrosine B, as novel spectrofluorimetric method for determination of anticancer agent nilotinib: Application for capsules and human plasma. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 251, 119428 (2021).","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.4448","volume":"38","author":"D Dagher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dagher, D., Elmansi, H., Nasr, J. J. & El-Enany, N. Utility of a xanthene\u2010based dye for determination of nilotinib using two spectroscopic approaches. Applications to bulk powder, capsules, and spiked human plasma. Luminescence 38 (3), 291\u2013301 (2023).","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"46953_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02934-9","volume":"412","author":"CE Sener","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sener, C. E., Topal, D., Ozkan, S. A. & B., & Effect of monomer structure of anionic surfactant on voltammetric signals of an anticancer drug: rapid, simple, and sensitive electroanalysis of nilotinib in biological samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 412, 8073\u20138081 (2020).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"46953_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020186","volume":"16","author":"J Petr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petr, J. Determination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors via capillary electrophoresis with tandem mass spectrometry and online stacking preconcentration. Pharmaceuticals 16 (2), 186 (2023).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"1","key":"46953_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/16583655.2018.1548748","volume":"13","author":"P Shah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shah, P., Pandya, T., Gohel, M. & Thakkar, V. Development and validation of HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of rifampicin and ofloxacin using experimental design. J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 13 (1), 146\u2013154 (2019b).","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Sci."},{"key":"46953_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.03.002","volume":"1017","author":"FU Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan, F. U. et al. Simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin and ofloxacin in physiological fluids using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J. Chromatogr. B 1017, 120\u2013128 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"46953_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114463","volume":"208","author":"SN Sanap","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanap, S. N. et al. Simultaneous determination of fluconazole and ofloxacin in rabbit tear fluid by LC-MS\/MS: Application to ocular pharmacokinetic studies. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 208, 114463 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"46953_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-023-00932-3","volume":"17","author":"KM Kelani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelani, K. M., Gad, A. G., Fayez, Y. M., Mahmoud, A. M. & Abdel-Raoof, A. M. Three developed spectrophotometric methods for determination of a mixture of ofloxacin and ornidazole; Application of greenness assessment tools. BMC Chem. 17(1), 16 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"46953_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.4539","volume":"38","author":"A El-Sayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Sayed, A., Elmansi, H. M., Shalan, S. & Eid, M. Validated spectrofluorimetric assay of two co\u2010administered drug mixtures containing hydroxychloroquine with either moxifloxacin or ofloxacin as a drug regimen for hospital\u2010acquired pneumonia in patients with COVID\u201019. Luminescence 38(9), 1572\u20131582 (2023).","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"46953_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2895-2","volume":"185","author":"X Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Colorimetric determination of ofloxacin using unmodified aptamers and the aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Microchim. Acta 185, 1\u20139 (2018).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"46953_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2012.07.009","volume":"10","author":"S Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Sharma, M. C. & Sahu, N. K. Simultaneous determination of nitazoxanide and ofloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations using UV-spectrophotometric and high performance thin layer chromatography methods. Arab. J. Chem. 10, S62\u2013S66 (2017).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"46953_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-4065-6","volume":"187","author":"L Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng, L. et al. Voltammetric determination of ofloxacin by using a laser-modified carbon glassy electrode. Microchim. Acta 187, 1\u20138 (2020).","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"issue":"22","key":"46953_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6931","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226931","volume":"26","author":"I Ko\u015bka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ko\u015bka, I., Purgat, K., G\u0142owacki, R. & Kubalczyk, P. Simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in animal tissues with the use of capillary electrophoresis with transient pseudo-isotachophoresis. Molecules 26 (22), 6931 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"32","key":"46953_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23378","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA04615C","volume":"14","author":"WM Othman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Othman, W. M. et al. Development of an eco-friendly capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of piperacillin, tazobactam and ibuprofen in plasma samples: Application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. RSC Adv. 14(32), 23378\u201323391 (2024).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b00015","volume":"90","author":"RL Voeten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Voeten, R. L., Ventouri, I. K., Haselberg, R. & Somsen, G. W. Capillary electrophoresis: Trends and recent advances. Anal. Chem. 90(3), 1464\u20131481 (2018).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"46953_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.3500","volume":"29","author":"A Al-Attas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Attas, A., Nasr, J. J., El-Enany, N. & Belal, F. A green capillary zone electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of piperacillin, tazobactam and cefepime in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. Biomed. Chromatogr. 29, 1811\u20131818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bmc.3500 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"46953_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100795","volume":"29","author":"AM Zeid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeid, A. M., El-Masry, A. A., El-Wasseef, D. R., Eid, M. & Shehata, I. A. Green microemulsion electrokinetic chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of azelastine and budesonide. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 29, 100795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100795 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"46953_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17519","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA00501A","volume":"6","author":"AM Zeid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeid, A. M. et al. Determination of six anti-Parkinson drugs using cyclodextrin-capillary electrophoresis method: Application to pharmaceutical dosage forms. RSC Adv. 6, 17519\u201317530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C6RA00501A (2016).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"46953_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9965","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ01562A","volume":"42","author":"AM Zeid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeid, A. M. et al. Determination of baclofen and vigabatrin by microchip electrophoresis with fluorescence detection: Application of field-enhanced sample stacking and dynamic pH junction. New J. Chem. 42, 9965\u20139974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8NJ01562A (2018).","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"46953_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.04.049","volume":"1503","author":"AM Zeid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeid, A. M. et al. Stacking-cyclodextrin-microchip electrokinetic chromatographic determination of gabapentinoid drugs in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. J. Chromatogr. A 1503, 65\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.04.049 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"46953_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.119021","volume":"246","author":"AM Zeid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeid, A. M. et al. Determination of three antiepileptic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations using microfluidic chips coupled with light-emitting diode induced fluorescence detection. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 246, 119021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.saa.2020.119021 (2021).","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"46953_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105770","volume":"160","author":"AM Zeid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeid, A. M. et al. Microfluidic fast chiral separation of baclofen and phenylalanine enantiomers based on cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Microchem. J. 160, 105770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105770 (2021).","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"46953_CR35","unstructured":"US, F. D. A. Department of health and human services. Bioanalytical method validation guidance for industry (2018)."},{"issue":"9","key":"46953_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1821","volume":"33","author":"B Xia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xia, B., Heimbach, T., He, H. & Lin, T. H. Nilotinib preclinical pharmacokinetics and practical application toward clinical projections of oral absorption and systemic availability. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 33 (9), 536\u2013549 (2012).","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"issue":"4","key":"46953_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/00498259209046656","volume":"22","author":"O Okazaki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Okazaki, O., Kurata, T., Hakusui, H. & Tachizawa, H. Species-related stereoselective disposition of ofloxacin in the rat, dog and monkey. Xenobiotica 22 (4), 439\u2013450 (1992).","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"46953_CR38","volume":"99","author":"G Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, G. & Goosens, K. A. Sampling blood from the lateral tail vein of the rat. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE 99, 52766 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE"},{"key":"46953_CR39","first-page":"e55852","volume":"130","author":"W Zou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zou, W. et al. Repeated blood collection from tail vein of non-anesthetized rats with a vacuum blood collection system. J. Visualized Experiments (JoVE). 130, e55852 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Visualized Experiments (JoVE)"},{"issue":"7","key":"46953_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00872.x","volume":"160","author":"C Kilkenny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kilkenny, C., Browne, W., Cuthill, I. C., Emerson, M. & Altman, D. G. Animal research: Reporting in vivo experiments: The ARRIVE guidelines. Br. J. Pharmacol. 160(7), 1577 (2010).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"46953_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202300158","volume":"44","author":"F Krebs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krebs, F. et al. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications\u2014updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 44(17\u201318), 1279\u20131341 (2023).","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"46953_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202000313","volume":"42","author":"A Alizadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alizadeh, A., Hsu, W. L., Wang, M. & Daiguji, H. Electroosmotic flow: From microfluidics to nanofluidics. Electrophoresis 42(7\u20138), 834\u2013868 (2021).","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"1","key":"46953_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN01640C","volume":"146","author":"J Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, J. et al. On a separation voltage polarity switching transient capillary isotachophoresis method for higher sample loading capacity and better separation performance. Analyst 146 (1), 124\u2013131 (2021).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"46953_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202000185","volume":"42","author":"R \u0158em\u00ednek","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u0158em\u00ednek, R. & Foret, F. Capillary electrophoretic methods for quality control analyses of pharmaceuticals: A review. Electrophoresis 42 (1\u20132), 19\u201337 (2021).","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"12","key":"46953_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/separations11120340","volume":"11","author":"W Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia, W. et al. A convenient and efficient strategy for improving separation ability of capillary electrophoresis through tilting capillary as needed. Separations 11 (12), 340 (2024).","journal-title":"Separations"},{"issue":"20","key":"46953_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7058","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27207058","volume":"27","author":"S Orlandini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orlandini, S. et al. New trends in the quality control of enantiomeric drugs: Quality by design-compliant development of chiral capillary electrophoresis methods. Molecules 27 (20), 7058 (2022).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"46953_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782625602","volume-title":"Green analytical chemistry","author":"S Armenta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Armenta, S., Garrigues, S. & de la Guardia, M. Green analytical chemistry 2nd ed. (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/9781782625602.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"46953_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2012.03.013","volume":"37","author":"A Ga\u0142uszka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ga\u0142uszka, A., Migaszewski, Z. M., Konieczka, P. & Namie\u015bnik, J. Analytical Eco-Scale for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 37, 61\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2012.03.013 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends in Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"46953_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.01.013","volume":"181","author":"J P\u0142otka-Wasylka","year":"2018","unstructured":"P\u0142otka-Wasylka, J. A new tool for the evaluation of the analytical procedure: Green Analytical Procedure Index. Talanta 181, 204\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.01.013 (2018).","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"17","key":"46953_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10076","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01909","volume":"92","author":"FJ Pena-Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pena-Pereira, F. J., Wojnowski, W. & Tobiszewski, M. AGREE\u2014Analytical GREEnness metric approach and software. Anal. Chem. 92(17), 10076\u201310082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01909 (2020).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"46953_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2022.340348","volume":"1225","author":"N Manousi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manousi, N., Psillakis, E. & Wojnowski, W. A novel approach for evaluating the blueness of analytical methods: The Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI). Anal. Chim. Acta. 1225, 340\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2022.340348 (2023).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"46953_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2021.116223","volume":"138","author":"PM Nowak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nowak, P. M., Wietecha-Pos\u0142uszny, R. & Pawliszyn, J. White analytical chemistry: An approach to reconcile the principles of green analytical chemistry and functionality. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 138, 116223 (2021).","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"46953_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2025.102051","volume":"46","author":"FR Mansour","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mansour, F. R., Bedair, A., Belal, F., Magdy, G. & Locatelli, M. Analytical Green Star Area (AGSA) as a new tool to assess greenness of analytical methods. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 46, 102051 (2025).","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"46953_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-025-01486-2","volume":"19","author":"FR Mansour","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mansour, F. R. & Nowak, P. M. Introducing the carbon footprint reduction index (CaFRI) as a software-supported tool for greener laboratories in chemical analysis. BMC Chem. 19(1), 121 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"46953_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC0512451Z","volume":"70","author":"D Zendelovska","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zendelovska, D. & Stafilov, T. Development and validation of high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of ofloxacin and lomefloxacin in human plasma. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 70 (12), 1451\u20131460 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Serb. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"46953_CR56","first-page":"53","volume":"2","author":"M Attimarad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Attimarad, M. Simultaneous determination of ofloxacin and flavoxate hydrochloride by absorption ratio and second derivative UV spectrophotometry. J. Basic. Clin. Pharm. 2(1), 53 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Basic. Clin. Pharm."},{"issue":"4","key":"46953_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.73937","volume":"72","author":"M Puranik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Puranik, M., Bhawsar, D. V., Rathi, P. & Yeole, P. G. Simultaneous determination of ofloxacin and ornidazole in solid dosage form by RP-HPLC and HPTLC techniques. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 72 (4), 513 (2010).","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"46953_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.09.030","volume":"58","author":"SA Meredith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meredith, S. A., Smith, P. J., Norman, J. & Wiesner, L. An LC\u2013MS\/MS method for the determination of ofloxacin in 20 \u00b5l human plasma. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 58, 177\u2013181 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"46953_CR59","first-page":"27","volume":"9","author":"P Plotas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plotas, P., Anastasopoulos, C., Makri, O. E., Leotsinidis, M. & Georgakopoulos, C. D. A UPLC\u2013MS method for the determination of ofloxacin concentrations in aqueous humor. Anal. Chem. Insights 9, 27 (2014).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem. Insights"},{"key":"46953_CR60","first-page":"161","volume":"3","author":"M Harika","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harika, M. & Kumar, G. S. Development and validation of method for the determination of Nilotinib by RP-HPLC in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 3, 161\u2013164 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Pharm."},{"issue":"12","key":"46953_CR61","first-page":"1087","volume":"7","author":"G Chaitanya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaitanya, G. & Pawar, A. K. M. Development and validation of UV-Spectrophotometric method for the determination of nilotinib hydrochloride (An orphan drug). J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 7 (12), 1087\u20131093 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"46953_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.52711\/0974-360X.2021.00454","volume":"14","author":"PV Naveen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naveen, P. V. & Ganapaty, S. A new stability indicating ultra-fast liquid chromatographic (rp-uflc) method for the quantification of nilotinib-a drug for blood cancer. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 14(5), 2581\u20132586 (2021).","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030947","volume":"11","author":"V Escudero-Ortiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Escudero-Ortiz, V. et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring in oncohematological patients: a fast and accurate HPLC-UV method for the quantification of nilotinib in human plasma and its clinical application. Biomedicines 11(3), 947 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"46953_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.112220","volume":"207","author":"M Smerikarova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smerikarova, M., Bozhanov, S. & Maslarska, V. Development of HPLC-UV method for determination of Nilotinib in spiked human plasma with greenness assessment. Microchem. J. 207, 112220 (2024).","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"46953_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.4448","volume":"38","author":"D Dagher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dagher, D., Elmansi, H., Nasr, J. J. & El-Enany, N. Utility of a xanthene\u2010based dye for determination of nilotinib using two spectroscopic approaches. Applications to bulk powder, capsules, and spiked human plasma. Luminescence 38(3), 291\u2013301 (2023).","journal-title":"Luminescence"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46953-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46953-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46953-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:03:37Z","timestamp":1778105017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-46953-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["46953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-46953-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The Committee of Beni-Suef University, Faculty of Pharmacy approved the study protocol from an ethical point of view. Approval NO: REC-H-PhBSU-022-234. The study was in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"14392"}}