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Heating in a dental oven was conducted atrates of 1\u00a0K\/min, and each temperature level was maintained for 1\u00a0min. After surface treatment, all samples underwent a six-day erosive cycling protocol, with six daily immersions in citric acid (0.05\u00a0M, pH 2.3, 2\u00a0min) and storage in remineralization solution (\u2265\u20091\u00a0h) between cycles. Enamel surface loss (\u00b5m) was measured at baseline and every second day (D2, D4, D6) using a 3D-laser-profilometer. Data were analyzed with two-way repeated measures ANOVA and\n                    <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                    comparisons (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). All heated groups (100\u2013500\u00a0\u00b0C) and F significantly increased enamel erosion resistance compared to C (\u221224.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3\u00a0\u00b5m,p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Furthermore, heating at 300\u00a0\u00b0C (\u22128.3\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7\u00a0\u00b5m), 400\u00a0\u00b0C (-5.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4\u00a0\u00b5m) and 500\u00a0\u00b0C (\u22123.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4\u00a0\u00b5m) resulted in significantly greater erosion resistance than F (\u221212.3\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3\u00a0\u00b5m, p\u2009=\u20090.02\/\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), with 400\u00a0\u00b0C and 500\u00a0\u00b0C reducing enamel surface loss by 77 and 87%, respectively. Controlled heating significantly increased enamel erosion resistance, with 400\u00a0\u00b0C and 500\u00a0\u00b0C showing the highest protection. While oven heating is not clinically applicable, these findings contribute to understanding of CO\u2082 laser-induced erosion resistance. The significant increase in enamel erosion resistance following controlled heating suggests that structural modifications play a key role in erosion prevention. While oven heating provided standardized conditions, future research should explore whether similar protective effects can be achieved with clinically applicable CO\u2082-laser parameters to optimize non-invasive strategies for enamel preservation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-47191-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T05:36:29Z","timestamp":1775712989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Controlled heating between 100 and 500 degrees celsius improves enamel resistance to erosion in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Wierichs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ahmad Banihashem","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Gl\u00f6ckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marin D.","family":"Bilandzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"A. 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