{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T23:10:35Z","timestamp":1779145835545,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-47206-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:23:26Z","timestamp":1775035406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of intestinal parasite and associated factors among fruits and vegetables collected from local markets of woldia town, north east Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wagaw","family":"Abebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genet","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haylemaryam","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amare","family":"Almaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadesse","family":"Misganaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04255-3","volume":"13","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review. Parasites Vectors. 13 (1), 380 (2020).","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"47206_CR2","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"P Agbalaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agbalaka, P., Obeta, M. & Daniel, K. Food-Safety regarding intestinal parasites on edible fruits and vegetables. Diagnostics 1 (2), 13\u201324 (2018).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR3","first-page":"382715","volume":"2014","author":"T Tefera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tefera, T. et al. Parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from selected local markets of Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Int. Sch. Res. notices. 2014 (1), 382715 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. notices"},{"key":"47206_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debbarma, S. et al. Neglected parasitic infections: history to current status. Parasitic Infections: Immune Responses Ther., 156\u2013175. (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119878063.ch8"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","volume":"7","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pullan, R. L. et al. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasites vectors. 7 (1), 37 (2014).","journal-title":"Parasites vectors"},{"key":"47206_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863022413078","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241307882","volume":"18","author":"A Girma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Girma, A. et al. Parasitic Contamination and Its Associated Factors in Fruits and Vegetables Collected From Ethiopia\u2019s Local Markets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environ. Health Insights. 18, 11786302241307882 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"47206_CR7","unstructured":"Olakunle, D., Audu, P. & Abovegodwin, G. Parasitic Parasitic Contents of ontents of ontents of Prominent rominent rominent Fruits and ruits and ruits and Vegetables egetables egetables Sold in Different ifferent ifferent Markets in Lokoja arkets in Lokoja arkets in Lokoja Metropolis, Kogi State etropolis (Kogi State etropolis, 2024)."},{"key":"47206_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemu, G., Nega, M. & Alemu, M. Parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from local markets of Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia. Research and reports in tropical medicine, : pp. 17\u201325. (2020).","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S244737"},{"issue":"3","key":"47206_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0290655","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290655","volume":"19","author":"A Zeynudin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeynudin, A. et al. Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables and fruits sold in open-air markets in peri-urban areas of Jimma City, Oromia, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study. Plos one. 19 (3), e0290655 (2024).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"issue":"3","key":"47206_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.29252\/jfqhc.5.3.84","volume":"5","author":"W Istifanus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Istifanus, W. & Panda, S. Parasitic agents in fresh fruits and vegetables sold in open markets in Bauchi. Nigeria J. food Qual. hazards control. 5 (3), 84\u201388 (2018).","journal-title":"Nigeria J. food Qual. hazards control"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2790-x","volume":"16","author":"M Mama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mama, M. & Alemu, G. Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers of Southern Ethiopia: cross sectional study. BMC public. health. 16 (1), 105 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC public. health"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR12","first-page":"29","volume":"18","author":"A Endale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Endale, A. et al. Detection of medically important parasites in fruits and vegetables collected from local markets in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Glob J. Med. Res. 18 (1), 29\u201336 (2018).","journal-title":"Glob J. Med. Res."},{"key":"47206_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2025.e00416","volume":"29","author":"P Laoraksawong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Laoraksawong, P., Bunkasem, U. & Pradidthaprecha, A. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic contamination in fresh vegetables in Bangkok, Thailand, and surrounding areas: A cross-sectional survey. Parasite Epidemiol. Control. 29, e00416 (2025).","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4020-5","volume":"19","author":"G Alemu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alemu, G. et al. Parasitic contamination of vegetables marketed in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect. Dis. 19 (1), 410 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12045-4","volume":"25","author":"A Girma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Girma, A. et al. The bacterial and parasitic contamination of raw vegetables and fruits collected from local farms and markets in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of patterns and associated factors. BMC Infect. Dis. 25 (1), 1704 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"47206_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091806","volume":"9","author":"C Salamandane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salamandane, C. et al. Occurrence of intestinal parasites of public health significance in fresh horticultural products sold in Maputo markets and supermarkets, Mozambique. Microorganisms 9 (9), 1806 (2021).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9942758","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9942758","volume":"2024","author":"W Abebe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abebe, W. et al. Prevalence and association of malaria with the blood group on febrile patients at Woldia Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. J. Parasitol. Res. 2024 (1), 9942758 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"47206_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baye, F., Adugna, D. & Mulugeta, S. Administrative failures contributing to the proliferation and growth of informal settlements in Ethiopia: The case of Woldia Township. Heliyon, 9(3). e13758 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13758"},{"key":"47206_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter, N. N. Vegetables and fruits, in Food Science p. 500\u2013531 (Springer, 1986).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7262-0_18"},{"issue":"2","key":"47206_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1510_24","volume":"14","author":"K Agarwal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agarwal, K. et al. Evaluation of different concentration techniques for microscopic diagnosis of protozoa and helminths in stool samples of children. J. Family Med. Prim. Care. 14 (2), 693\u2013698 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"47206_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, L. S. Diagnostic medical parasitology. Manual of commercial methods in clinical microbiology, : pp. 274\u2013305. (2001).","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817961.ch11"},{"key":"47206_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekele, F. & Shumbej, T. Fruit and vegetable contamination with medically important helminths and protozoans in Tarcha town, Dawuro zone, South West Ethiopia. Research and reports in tropical medicine, : pp. 19\u201323. (2019).","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S205250"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"47206_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00128-4","volume":"30","author":"TR Slifko","year":"2000","unstructured":"Slifko, T. R., Smith, H. V. & Rose, J. B. Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food. Int. J. Parasitol. 30 (12\u201313), 1379\u20131393 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-151","volume":"13","author":"T Wegayehu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wegayehu, T. et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among highland and lowland dwellers in Gamo area, South Ethiopia. BMC public. health. 13 (1), 151 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC public. health"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-4-64","volume":"4","author":"P Okyay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Okyay, P. et al. Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample-Turkey. BMC public. health. 4 (1), 64 (2004).","journal-title":"BMC public. health"},{"issue":"4","key":"47206_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2012.05.005","volume":"48","author":"DES Said","year":"2012","unstructured":"Said, D. E. S. Detection of parasites in commonly consumed raw vegetables. Alexandria J. Med. 48 (4), 345\u2013352 (2012).","journal-title":"Alexandria J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR27","first-page":"613960","volume":"2014","author":"MA Eraky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eraky, M. A. et al. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh leafy vegetables in Benha, Egypt. J. Parasitol. Res. 2014 (1), 613960 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"47206_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021002031","volume":"149","author":"VGV Paller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paller, V. G. V., Macalinao-Ramirez, C. A. & Bandal, M. Z. Jr Environmental contamination with parasites in selected rural farms in the Philippines: impacts of farming practices on leafy greens food safety. Parasitology 149 (4), 482\u2013489 (2022).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"47206_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.21608\/aeji.2017.17804","volume":"7","author":"SE Etewa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Etewa, S. E. et al. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh vegetables and fruits in some rural areas of Sharkyia Governorate, Egypt. Afro-Egyptian J. Infect. Endemic Dis. 7 (4), 192\u2013202 (2017).","journal-title":"Afro-Egyptian J. Infect. Endemic Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0226-6","volume":"6","author":"F Bekele","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bekele, F. et al. Parasitic contamination of raw vegetables and fruits collected from selected local markets in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Infect. Dis. poverty. 6 (1), 19 (2017).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. poverty"},{"key":"47206_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matini, M., SHAMSI, E. T. & Maghsood, A. H. The parasitic contamination of farm vegetables in Asadabad City, West of Iran, in 2017. (2014).","DOI":"10.17795\/ajcmi-32474"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4314\/gjpas.v21i1.2","volume":"21","author":"A Adejumoke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adejumoke, A. & Morenikeji, O. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables sold in major markets in Ibadan city, south-west Nigeria. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci. 21 (1), 7\u201312 (2015).","journal-title":"Global J. Pure Appl. Sci."},{"key":"47206_CR33","first-page":"11825","volume":"3","author":"IMI Mukhtar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mukhtar, I. M. I. et al. Role of vegetables in the transmission of intestinal parasites in Khartoum central market, Khartoum state, Sudan. Eur. Acad. Res. 3, 11825\u201311837 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Acad. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"47206_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0320929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320929","volume":"20","author":"U Narkkul","year":"2025","unstructured":"Narkkul, U. et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasite contamination in raw vegetables and school soil samples in Koh Yao, Phang Nga Province, southern Thailand. PloS one. 20 (4), e0320929 (2025).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"47206_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5604\/17331331.1204480","volume":"65","author":"Y Ismail","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ismail, Y. Prevalence of parasitic contamination in salad vegetables collected from supermarkets and street vendors in Amman and Baqa\u2019a\u2013Jordan. Pol. J. Microbiol. 65 (2), 1 (2016).","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"47206_CR36","unstructured":"Nasiru, M., Auta, T. & Bawa, J. Geohelminth contamination of fruits and vegetables cultivated on land irrigated with waste-water in Gusau local government area, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Zoologist (The), 13: pp. 6\u20139. (2015)."},{"key":"47206_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flore, N. N. & Parasitic contamination of raw fresh fruits and vegetables commonly sold at central markets in bamenda municipality, north west region-cameroon. medRxiv, : p. (2025). 2025.05. 22.25328157.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.22.25328157"},{"key":"47206_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, M. A. et al. Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold at central markets in Khartoum state, Sudan. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 15(1): 17. (2016).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0133-5"},{"key":"47206_CR39","first-page":"27","volume":"8","author":"E Aksum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aksum, E. Parasitological contamination of fresh vegetables and its prevalence in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia. Res. Net. 8, 27\u201333 (2018).","journal-title":"Res. Net"},{"key":"47206_CR40","unstructured":"Dawet, A. et al. Parasitic contamination of some fruits, vegetables, and nuts sold in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria (International Research Journal of Public and Environmental Health, 2019)."},{"issue":"3","key":"47206_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030495","volume":"15","author":"A Omarova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omarova, A. et al. Protozoan parasites in drinking water: A system approach for improved water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 15 (3), 495 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/13590840601167636","volume":"16","author":"C Uneke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uneke, C. Potential for geohelminth parasite transmission by raw fruits and vegetables in Nigeria: implication for a risk profile. J. Nutr. Environ. Med. 16 (1), 59\u201368 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR43","first-page":"4141914","volume":"2022","author":"R Osafo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osafo, R. et al. Microbial and parasitic contamination of vegetables in developing countries and their food safety guidelines. J. Food Qual. 2022 (1), 4141914 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"issue":"4","key":"47206_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.17795\/jhealthscope-8209","volume":"1","author":"A Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ebrahimzadeh, A., Jamshidi, A. & Mohammadi, S. The parasitic contamination of raw vegetables consumed in Zahedan. Iran. Health Scope. 1 (4), 205\u2013209 (2013).","journal-title":"Iran. Health Scope"},{"issue":"1","key":"47206_CR45","first-page":"1861919","volume":"2023","author":"T Gemechu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gemechu, T. et al. Assessment of intestinal parasites and its associated factors among fruits and vegetables collected from local markets of Bule Hora town, southeast Ethiopia. J. Trop. Med. 2023 (1), 1861919 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"47206_CR46","unstructured":"Lopez, A. R. & Naya, R. Y. Investigation of Parasitic Contaminants in Ready-to-Eat Fruits at Madina Market, Ghana."},{"issue":"6","key":"47206_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001837","volume":"12","author":"MA Mahmud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahmud, M. A. et al. Efficacy of handwashing with soap and nail clipping on intestinal parasitic infections in school-aged children: a factorial cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 12 (6), e1001837 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"47206_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., et al., Prevalence and risk factors of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura andCryptosporidium infections in elementary school children in southwestern China: a school-based cross-sectionalstudy. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(9):1809. (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091809"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-47206-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-47206-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-47206-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:29:56Z","timestamp":1779143396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-47206-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["47206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-47206-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15361"}}