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In the case of brown bears (\n                    <jats:italic>Ursus arctos<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), these interactions include visits of bears to human settlements, a type of event increasingly reported in recent years and often associated with conflicts. In this study, we collected 73 events of bear visits to human settlements between 2009 and 2021 in the Cantabrian population. These events were mainly caused by young individuals, occurring mostly at night and during the summer, when bears were primarily attracted by fruit trees available in human settlements. The affected settlements were located in areas of high habitat quality, close to breeding cores, and with a high intensity of bear damage. Within these areas, human settlements with bear visits differed from nearby ones by having a larger perimeter, a shorter distance to forest patches, and greater surrounding terrain ruggedness. Our study provides a basis for understanding the patterns and drivers of these particular human-large carnivore interactions and offers valuable insights to update and improve management strategies aimed at preventing such events, mitigating associated conflicts and promoting successful coexistence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-47443-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T09:13:35Z","timestamp":1779009215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patterns of brown bear (Ursus arctos) visits to human settlements provide insights for human\u2013wildlife coexistence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"D\u00edaz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Naves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"de Gabriel Hernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloy","family":"Revilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"47443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257553","volume":"346","author":"G Chapron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chapron G, et al. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe\u2019s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346, 1517\u20131519.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1257553 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"47443_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ripple, W. J. et al. Status and ecological effects of the world\u2019s largest carnivores. Science 343, 1241484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1241484 (2014).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241484"},{"key":"47443_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12365","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12365","volume":"55","author":"S Verschueren","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verschueren, S., Chanchani, P. & Di Marco, M. From popularity to preservation: large carnivore potential for ecosystem conservation. Mammal Rev. 55 (1), e12365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mam.12365 (2025).","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"47443_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frank, B., Glikman, J. A. & Marchini, S. 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All data were obtained from official records provided by regional wildlife administrations and non-governmental organizations. According to Spanish and European legislation, including the Organic Law 3\/2018, 5 December, on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016\/679), and the CSIC\u2019s Code of Good Scientific Practices (CSIC, 2021), research requires ethics committee review only when it involves the participation or intervention of human beings, or the use of their samples or personal data. In this study, consultations conducted with wildlife rangers and NGO technicians were limited to obtaining technical information in their institutional capacity and did not include any personal, identifying, or sensitive data. Wildlife rangers and NGO technicians collaborated within their institutional roles, after being informed about the objectives of the study and providing their professional agreement to share technical information related to official bear monitoring activities. Therefore, ethics committee approval and informed consent were not required. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22340"}}