{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:47:12Z","timestamp":1782953232999,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007465","name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study investigates lupus nephritis in label-free mode using simultaneous autofluorescence spectroscopy and multispectral autofluorescence microscopy. Lupus nephritis (LN) is an autoimmune disease with proteinuria as the most typical symptom and indicator of renal damage and disease activity. This study includes the development and application of a micro-spectro-endoscope on the renal tissues of murine LN, covering three stages, advanced end-stage (proteinuric), early onset disease (antibody-positive), and healthy with no disease manifestations (young). The micro-spectro-endoscope exploits the autofluorescence (AF) at two excitation wavelengths, 365 and 405\u00a0nm, to probe endogenous autofluorescence activity. Multispectral autofluorescence microscopy performed using a 365\u00a0nm light emitting diode (LED) collected information from three spectral bands, 440\u2013490\u00a0nm, 500\u2013560\u00a0nm, and 600\u2013650\u00a0nm, respectively. Three regions, medulla, medulla-cortex, and cortex, were investigated using autofluorescence microscopy, and the maximum autofluorescence was recorded in the cortex region. Acquiring simultaneous AF spectroscopy and AF microscopy provided molecular and morphological information from the same tissue location. Simultaneous autofluorescence microscopy and spectra of kidney tissues from proteinuric, antibody-positive, and young mice were recorded with a micro-spectro-endoscope by exciting at 405\u00a0nm LED. A significant change in the peak of the autofluorescence spectrum for proteinuric, antibody-positive, and young mice was observed, with peaks around ~\u2009480\u00a0nm, ~\u2009493\u00a0nm, and ~\u2009532\u00a0nm, respectively. The alternation in the autofluorescence peak is likely due to the variations of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine nucleotide fluorophores during the progression of the disease. An additional peak around ~\u2009616\u00a0nm is also observed in antibody-positive tissue, showing the presence of lipofuscin, which is absent in young and proteinuric tissues, indicating the possibility of increasing lysosomal activity and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-47510-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:44:28Z","timestamp":1782945868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autofluorescence spectroscopy and multispectral autofluorescence microscopy for characterization of lupus nephritis in renal tissues"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pramila","family":"Thapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishesh","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azeem","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin Andreassen","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalip Singh","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balpreet Singh","family":"Ahluwalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"47510_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakowicz, J. R. Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy (Springer, 2006).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46312-4"},{"key":"47510_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900077","volume":"2","author":"N Ramanujam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ramanujam, N. Fluorescence spectroscopy of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. Neoplasia 2, 89\u2013117 (2000).","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"47510_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1984.1072322","volume":"20","author":"R Alfano","year":"1984","unstructured":"Alfano, R. et al. Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy from native cancerous and normal tissue. IEE J. Quantum Electron. 20, 1507\u20131511 (1984).","journal-title":"IEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"47510_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-1609","volume":"14","author":"I Pavlova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pavlova, I., Williams, M., El-Naggar, A., Richards-Kortum, R. & Gillenwater, A. Understanding the biological basis of autofluorescence imaging for oral cancer detection: high-resolution fluorescence microscopy in viable tissue. Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 2396\u20132404 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"47510_CR5","unstructured":"Narayan, R. Encyclopedia of biomedical engineering (Elsevier, 2018)."},{"key":"47510_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.10886-4","volume":"3","author":"P Kyriacou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kyriacou, P., Budidha, K. & Abay, T. Y. Encyclopedia Biomedical Eng. 3 461\u2013472 (2019).","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Biomedical Eng."},{"key":"47510_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2010.03448.x","volume":"242","author":"P Young","year":"2011","unstructured":"Young, P., Clendenon, S., Byars, J. & Dunn, K. The effects of refractive index heterogeneity within kidney tissue on multiphoton fluorescence excitation microscopy. J. Microsc. 242, 148\u2013156 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"47510_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2013.12.014","volume":"316","author":"X Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han, X., Shen, J., Yin, P., Hu, S. & Bi, D. Influences of refractive index on forward light scattering. Opt. Commun. 316, 198\u2013205 (2014).","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"47510_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-2656(05)11007-2","volume":"11","author":"M Monici","year":"2005","unstructured":"Monici, M. Cell and tissue autofluorescence research and diagnostic applications. Biotechnol. annual Rev. 11, 227\u2013256 (2005).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. annual Rev."},{"key":"47510_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, D. S. et al. Multimodal and multispectral diagnostic devices for oral and breast cancer screening in low resource settings. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng., 100485 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2023.100485"},{"key":"47510_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045008","DOI":"10.1088\/2050-6120\/acf6ac","volume":"11","author":"P Thapa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thapa, P. et al. Multimodal fluorescence imaging and spectroscopic techniques for oral cancer screening: A real-time approach. Methods Appl. Fluorescence. 11, 045008 (2023).","journal-title":"Methods Appl. Fluorescence"},{"key":"47510_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202100284","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202100284","volume":"15","author":"P Thapa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thapa, P. et al. Development of multimodal micro-endoscopic system with oblique illumination for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy of oral cancer. J. Biophotonics. 15, e202100284 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"47510_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89758-4","volume":"11","author":"SB Mahbub","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahbub, S. B. et al. Non-invasive assessment of exfoliated kidney cells extracted from urine using multispectral autofluorescence features. Sci. Rep. 11, 10655 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"47510_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61020-7","volume":"14","author":"S Bentahar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bentahar, S., G\u00f3mez-Gaviro, M. V., Desco, M., Ripoll, J. & Fern\u00e1ndez, R. Multispectral imaging for characterizing autofluorescent tissues. Sci. Rep. 14, 12084 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"47510_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.159","volume":"12","author":"A Davidson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davidson, A. What is damaging the kidney in lupus nephritis? Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 12, 143\u2013153 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"47510_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"J Medina-Rosas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Medina-Rosas, J. & Touma, Z. Proteinuria: Assessment and utility in lupus nephritis. Orthop. Res. Physiother. 2, 1\u20138 (2016).","journal-title":"Orthop. Res. Physiother"},{"key":"47510_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Zubiria Salgado, A. & Herrera-Diaz, C. Lupus nephritis: An overview of recent findings. Autoimmune diseases 849684 (2012).","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/849684"},{"key":"47510_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60178-5","volume":"379","author":"AS Levey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levey, A. S. & Coresh, J. Chronic kidney disease. lancet 379, 165\u2013180 (2012).","journal-title":"lancet"},{"key":"47510_CR19","first-page":"786","volume":"398","author":"K Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Jafar, T. H., Nitsch, D., Neuen, B. L. & Perkovic, V. Chronic kidney disease The lancet 398, 786\u2013802 (2021).","journal-title":"Chronic kidney disease The lancet"},{"key":"47510_CR20","unstructured":"Nosal, R. S., Superville, S. S., Amraei, R. & Varacallo, M. in StatPearls [Internet] (StatPearls Publishing, 2022)."},{"key":"47510_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-022-01954-9","volume":"58","author":"T Kamada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamada, T. et al. Diagnostic criteria and endoscopic and histological findings of autoimmune gastritis in Japan. J. Gastroenterol. 58, 185\u2013195 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"47510_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14745","volume":"322","author":"TK Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, T. K., Knicely, D. H. & Grams, M. E. Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: A review. Jama 322, 1294\u20131304 (2019).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"47510_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14175","volume":"34","author":"T Kamada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamada, T., Maruyama, Y., Monobe, Y. & Haruma, K. Endoscopic features and clinical importance of autoimmune gastritis. Dig. Endoscopy. 34, 700\u2013713 (2022).","journal-title":"Dig. Endoscopy"},{"key":"47510_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.05.011","volume":"29","author":"JS Louie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louie, J. S., Shukla, R., Richards-Kortum, R. & Anandasabapathy, S. High-resolution microendoscopy in differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic colorectal polyps. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 29, 663\u2013673 (2015).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"47510_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01805","volume":"3","author":"A Shahmoon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shahmoon, A. et al. In vivo minimally invasive interstitial multi-functional microendoscopy. Sci. Rep. 3, 1805 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"47510_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.85","volume":"13","author":"F Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu, F., Haas, M., Glassock, R. & Zhao, M. H. Redefining lupus nephritis: clinical implications of pathophysiologic subtypes. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 13, 483\u2013495 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"47510_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.07.015","volume":"190","author":"SE Dorraji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dorraji, S. E. et al. Kidney tertiary lymphoid structures in lupus nephritis develop into large interconnected networks and resemble lymph nodes in gene signature. Am. J. Pathol. 190, 2203\u20132225 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"47510_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2017.24.5.11","volume":"24","author":"WN Arifin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arifin, W. N. & Zahiruddin, W. M. Sample size calculation in animal studies using resource equation approach. Malaysian J. Med. Sci.: MJMS. 24, 101 (2017).","journal-title":"Malaysian J. Med. sciences: MJMS"},{"key":"47510_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X. & Deng, G. M. Animal models of studying the pathogenesis of multi-organ tissue damage in lupus. Clin. Immunol., 110231 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2024.110231"},{"key":"47510_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1613","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00165.2018","volume":"315","author":"M Bugarski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bugarski, M., Martins, J. R., Haenni, D. & Hall, A. M. Multiphoton imaging reveals axial differences in metabolic autofluorescence signals along the kidney proximal tubule. Am. J. Physiol.-Renal Physiol. 315, F1613\u2013F1625 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Renal Physiol."},{"key":"47510_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010101054","volume":"22","author":"AM Hall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hall, A. M., Crawford, C., Unwin, R. J., Duchen, M. R. & Peppiatt-Wildman, C. M. Multiphoton imaging of the functioning kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1297\u20131304 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"47510_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14427","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.14427","volume":"30","author":"ST Teoh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Teoh, S. T., Yap, D. Y., Yung, S. & Chan, T. M. Lupus nephritis and chronic kidney disease: A scoping review. Nephrology 30, e14427 (2025).","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"47510_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00313-x","volume":"22","author":"AJ Covarrubias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Covarrubias, A. J., Perrone, R., Grozio, A. & Verdin, E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 22, 119\u2013141 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"47510_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burtscher, J. et al. The interplay of NAD and hypoxic stress and its relevance for ageing. Ageing Res. Rev., 102646 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102646"},{"key":"47510_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanvillard, L., Tammaro, A. & Sorrentino, V. NAD+ metabolism and interventions in premature renal aging and chronic kidney disease. Cells 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010021"},{"key":"47510_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7451","volume":"30","author":"OI Kolenc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolenc, O. I. & Quinn, K. P. Evaluating cell metabolism through autofluorescence imaging of NAD (P) H and FAD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 30, 875\u2013889 (2019).","journal-title":"Antioxid. redox Signal."},{"key":"47510_CR37","first-page":"2461","volume":"58","author":"AC Croce","year":"2014","unstructured":"Croce, A. C. & Bottiroli, G. Autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging: a tool for biomedical research and diagnosis. Eur. J. Histochem.: EJH. 58, 2461 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. histochemistry: EJH"},{"key":"47510_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2012.02.017","volume":"19","author":"AH Cohen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cohen, A. H. Collagen type III glomerulopathies. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 19, 101\u2013106 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"47510_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00242-0","volume":"20","author":"IS Daehn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daehn, I. S. & Duffield, J. S. The glomerular filtration barrier: a structural target for novel kidney therapies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 770\u2013788 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"47510_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093818","volume":"28","author":"AC Croce","year":"2023","unstructured":"Croce, A. C. et al. Fatty acids and bilirubin as intrinsic autofluorescence serum biomarkers of drug action in a rat model of liver ischemia and reperfusion. Molecules 28, 3818 (2023).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"47510_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0162419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162419","volume":"11","author":"S Prost","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prost, S., Kishen, R. E., Kluth, D. C. & Bellamy, C. O. Choice of illumination system & fluorophore for multiplex immunofluorescence on FFPE tissue sections. PloS one. 11, e0162419 (2016).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"47510_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4161\/org.19308","volume":"8","author":"R Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song, R. & Yosypiv, I. V. Development of the kidney medulla. Organogenesis 8, 10\u201317 (2012).","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"47510_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020505","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3094948","volume":"14","author":"RN Raman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raman, R. N. et al. Evaluation of the contribution of the renal capsule and cortex to kidney autofluorescence intensity under ultraviolet excitation. J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 020505\u2013020505 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"47510_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i24.2971","volume":"16","author":"XP Tian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tian, X. P. & Zhang, X. Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: Insight into pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. World J. Gastroenterol.: WJG. 16, 2971 (2010).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"47510_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32832efff1","volume":"21","author":"H Bagavant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bagavant, H. & Fu, S. M. Pathogenesis of kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 21, 489\u2013494 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"47510_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33469-5","volume":"13","author":"M Polesel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polesel, M. et al. Spatiotemporal organisation of protein processing in the kidney. Nat. Commun. 13, 5732 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"47510_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, K. et al. Recent progress on lipid intake and chronic kidney disease. BioMed Res. Int. 3680397 (2020). (2020).","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3680397"},{"key":"47510_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/app7010032","volume":"7","author":"M Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Autofluorescence imaging and spectroscopy of human lung cancer. Appl. Sci. 7, 32 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"47510_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0216-6","volume":"16","author":"KM Ralto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ralto, K. M., Rhee, E. P. & Parikh, S. M. NAD+ homeostasis in renal health and disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 16, 99\u2013111 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"47510_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187118","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187118","volume":"12","author":"DG Leuning","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leuning, D. G. et al. The human kidney capsule contains a functionally distinct mesenchymal stromal cell population. PLoS One. 12, e0187118 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"47510_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7552","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA10688G","volume":"11","author":"M Tahoun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tahoun, M., Gee, C. T., McCoy, V. E., Sander, P. M. & M\u00fcller, C. E. Chemistry of porphyrins in fossil plants and animals. RSC Adv. 11, 7552\u20137563 (2021).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"47510_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfx146","volume":"11","author":"N Pallet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pallet, N. et al. Porphyria and kidney diseases. Clin. Kidney J. 11, 191\u2013197 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. kidney J."},{"key":"47510_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122324","volume":"11","author":"A Ricci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ricci, A., Guida, C. C., Manzini, P., Cuoghi, C. & Ventura, P. Kidney involvement in acute hepatic porphyrias: pathophysiology and diagnostic implications. Diagnostics 11, 2324 (2021).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"47510_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-008-0578-7","volume":"24","author":"LF Tirapelli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tirapelli, L. F. et al. Histopathology and laser autofluorescence of ischemic kidneys of rats. Lasers Med. Sci. 24, 397\u2013404 (2009).","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"47510_CR55","first-page":"120","volume":"6","author":"M Pourghasem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pourghasem, M., Shafi, H. & Babazadeh, Z. Histological changes of kidney in diabetic nephropathy. Caspian J. Intern. Med. 6, 120 (2015).","journal-title":"Caspian J. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-47510-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-47510-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-47510-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:07:58Z","timestamp":1782950878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-47510-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["47510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-47510-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20186"}}