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Here, we analyzed mRNA and long non-coding RNA expression in third- and fourth-stage larvae of\n                    <jats:italic>Anisakis simplex<\/jats:italic>\n                    (s. s.) collected from the Baltic Sea and the Northeast Atlantic using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Larval development was associated with extensive transcriptional remodeling involving cuticle organization, metabolism, proteolysis, and host-interaction pathways. Comparisons between populations revealed pronounced geographic divergence, including population-specific gene expression and reversal patterns shared across developmental stages. A subset of long non-coding RNAs was linked to the regulation of developmentally and population-biased genes, targeting pathways related to energy metabolism, ion transport, and protein synthesis. These findings demonstrate that developmental progression and geographic origin jointly shape the transcriptomic architecture of\n                    <jats:italic>Anisakis simplex<\/jats:italic>\n                    (s. s.), providing insight into molecular mechanisms underlying parasite adaptation with potential relevance for ecology, evolution, and anisakiasis risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-47984-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T17:48:08Z","timestamp":1776707288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Developmental and geographic transcriptomic variation in Anisakis simplex (s. s.) reveals lncRNA-mediated regulation of mRNA expression"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Stryi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7278-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Ma\u017adziarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2973-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"\u0141opie\u0144ska-Biernat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"47984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1700027X","volume":"91","author":"S Mattiucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mattiucci, S., Cipriani, P., Paoletti, M., Levsen, A. & Nascetti, G. Reviewing biodiversity and epidemiological aspects of anisakid nematodes from the North-east Atlantic Ocean. J. Helminthol. 91, 422\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022149X1700027X (2017).","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"47984_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2307\/3284402","volume":"83","author":"S Mattiucci","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mattiucci, S. et al. Genetic and ecological data on the Anisakis simplex complex, with evidence for a new species (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea, Anisakidae). J. Parasitol. 83, 401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3284402 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"47984_CR3","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Progress in Parasitology. Parasitology Research Monographs","author":"S Klimpel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Klimpel, S. & Palm, H. W. Anisakid nematode (Ascaridea) life cycles and distribution: Increasing zoonotic potential in the time of climate change? In Progress in Parasitology. 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