{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:05:53Z","timestamp":1790888753603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023673","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023673","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48261-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T05:23:54Z","timestamp":1776576234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors influencing breast self-exam practice and awareness among females in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7466-5633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salahuddin","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7815-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Alzkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6287-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alanoud","family":"Alabdulkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5734-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renad","family":"Alsuhaibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7126-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alkanhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2823-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Alghanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7263-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amra","family":"Salahuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1200-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arwa","family":"Huda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8676-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Umer Abdul","family":"Moiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6975-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maan","family":"Almuzaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3787-451X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulelah","family":"Almari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8058-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawaf","family":"Almarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5645-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mashal","family":"Alhajress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0848-0223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alshaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4530-4708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meshal","family":"Alzakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"48261_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Breast cancer. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/breast-cancer   (2024)."},{"key":"48261_CR2","unstructured":"Saudi Health Council. Cancer incidence report Saudi Arabia 2020.   https:\/\/shc.gov.sa\/Arabic\/NCC\/Activities\/AnnualReports\/Cancer%20Incidence%20Report%202020.pdf   (2020)."},{"key":"48261_CR3","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. Breast cancer early detection and dagnosis.   https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/breast-cancer\/screening-tests-and-early-detection.html   (2023)."},{"key":"48261_CR4","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Breast self-exam. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.   https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/breast\/patient\/breast-screening-pdq   (2023)."},{"issue":"1","key":"48261_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-016-1085-8","volume":"33","author":"KM Almutairi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Almutairi, K. M. et al. Awareness, utilization, and determinants of breast cancer screening in Arab women. J. Cancer Educ. 33 (1), 56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13187-016-1085-8 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cancer Educ."},{"key":"48261_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7553-3","volume":"19","author":"EM Ibrahim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ibrahim, E. M. et al. Women\u2019s knowledge of and attitude toward breast cancer in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public. Health. 19, 1225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7553-3 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"48261_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7210-9","volume":"19","author":"TT Donnelly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donnelly, T. T. et al. The influence of religion and culture on breast cancer screening: a cross-sectional study among Muslim women in Qatar. BMC Public. Health. 19, 869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7210-9 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"48261_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2009.1376","volume":"19","author":"WA Sait","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sait, W. A. et al. Barriers to breast cancer screening among women attending primary healthcare centers in Saudi Arabia. J. Women\u2019s Health (Larchmt). 19 (1), 85\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2009.1376 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"7","key":"48261_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234822","volume":"15","author":"MK Al-Hanawi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Hanawi, M. K. et al. Healthcare provider recommendation and women\u2019s breast cancer screening practices in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One. 15 (7), e0234822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234822 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"48261_CR10","unstructured":"GLOBOCAN Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC cancer base no. 11 [Internet].  International Agency for Research on Cancer  (2012)."},{"issue":"9","key":"48261_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21651","volume":"118","author":"L Mellemkj\u00e6r","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mellemkj\u00e6r, L. et al. Risk of second cancer among women with breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 118 (9), 2285\u20132292 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"48261_CR12","first-page":"332","volume":"91","author":"A Sisti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sisti, A. et al. Breast cancer in women: a descriptive analysis of the national cancer database. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 91 (2), 332 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis"},{"issue":"4","key":"48261_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2017(04)09","volume":"72","author":"RA da Costa Vieira","year":"2017","unstructured":"da Costa Vieira, R. A., Biller, G., Uemura, G., Ruiz, C. A. & Curado, M. P. Breast cancer screening in developing countries. Clinics 72 (4), 244\u2013253 (2017).","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"48261_CR14","unstructured":"Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening in Average-Risk Women. WHO. WHO position paper on mammography screening? WHO position paper on mammography screening.  https:\/\/www.who.int\/cancer\/publications\/mammography_screening\/en.\/ (2019)."},{"issue":"3","key":"48261_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70273-4","volume":"12","author":"JB Harford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harford, J. B. Breast-cancer early detection in low-income and middle-income countries: do what you can versus one size fits all. Lancet Oncol. 12 (3), 306\u2013312 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"48261_CR16","first-page":"159","volume":"18","author":"AO Sh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sh, A. O. et al. General breast cancer awareness among women in Riyadh City. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 18 (1), 159\u2013163 (2017).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"48261_CR17","first-page":"61","volume":"1","author":"K Dandash","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dandash, K. & Al-Mohaimeed, A. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding breast cancer and screening in female teachers of Buraidah, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Health Sci. 1, 61\u201371 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"48261_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.3674","volume":"27","author":"S Jahan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jahan, S., Al-Saigul, M. & Abdelgadir, H. Breast cancer: knowledge, attitudes and practices of breast self-examination among women in Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J. 27, 1737\u20131741 (2006).","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"48261_CR19","first-page":"164","volume":"18","author":"OM Koreich","year":"1995","unstructured":"Koreich, O. M. Cancer in the Middle East. Postgrad. Doctor Middle East. 18, 164\u2013170 (1995).","journal-title":"Postgrad. Doctor Middle East."},{"key":"48261_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2006.272","volume":"26","author":"A Alam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alam, A. Knowledge of breast cancer and its risk and protective factors among women in Riyadh. Ann. Saudi Med. 26, 272\u2013277 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"48261_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.7.4307","volume":"14","author":"S Radi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Radi, S. Breast cancer awareness among Saudi females in Jeddah. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 14, 4307\u20134312 (2013).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"48261_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4741.2002.08406.x","volume":"8","author":"M Haji-Mahmoodi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haji-Mahmoodi, M. et al. Breast self-examination: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among female health care workers in Tehran, Iran. Breast J. 8, 222\u2013225 (2002).","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"48261_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolar, D., B-Srikanth, R. & Suhas, K.   Breast Self-examination: Knowledge, attitude, and practice among female dental students in Hyderabad city, India. Indian J. Palliat. Care. 18, 68\u201373 (2012).","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1075.97476"},{"issue":"3","key":"48261_CR24","first-page":"e36595","volume":"15","author":"GS Alqarni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alqarni, G. S. et al. Awareness of and attitude to breast self-examination and breast cancer among females in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 15 (3), e36595 (2023).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"48261_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2020.02.001","volume":"20","author":"SM Albeshan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albeshan, S. M., Hossain, S. Z., Mackey, M. G. & Brennan, P. C. Can breast self-examination and clinical breast examination along with increasing breast awareness facilitate earlier detection of breast cancer in populations with advanced stages at diagnosis? Clin. Breast. Cancer. 20 (3), 194\u2013200 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Breast. Cancer."},{"key":"48261_CR26","first-page":"01","volume":"9","author":"RR Gaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaw, R. R., Alkhalifa, F. A. & Samkri, A. Y. Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination toward breast cancer among female students at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. EC Gynaecol. 9, 01\u20138 (2020).","journal-title":"EC Gynaecol."},{"key":"48261_CR27","unstructured":"Ahmed, N. J. Awareness level and attitudes regarding breast self-examination and breast cancer among women in Saudi Arabia. Asian J. Pharm. (AJP) 14, 4  (2020)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48261-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48261-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48261-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T23:34:52Z","timestamp":1781134492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-48261-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["48261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48261-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The IMSIU Institutional Review Board (IRB) Committee approved the study (project number 643\/2024; approval date, May 20, 2024). All data were collected in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. An electronic informed consent form was provided to participants before the survey, detailing the purpose of the study, voluntary participation, and confidentiality to ensure ethical standards were upheld.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"18114"}}